這篇論文提出關於可調式視訊編碼於多重輸入多重輸出以及合作式通訊網路傳輸的效能提升策略。對於可調式視訊編碼於多重輸入多重輸出通道傳輸，此論文提出可以增加傳輸率的通道選擇演算法。提出的方法讓可調式視訊編碼的各階層根據通道狀態資訊選擇合適的通道傳輸以增加傳輸率。在此，複雜的通道選擇問題被轉化成數學最佳化的問題以改善視訊傳輸品質。實驗結果顯示，與現有的方法相比，提出的方法可有效提昇傳輸率。對於可調式視訊編碼於合作式通訊網路傳輸，提出的方法讓可調式視訊編碼各階層根據通道狀況以及各階層之重要性選擇合適的中繼點作合作式通訊。實驗結果顯示，與沒有作合作式通訊方法相比，提出之演算法可達到較佳的視訊品質。

This thesis proposes a strategy for enhancing the efficiency of scalable H.264/AVC video transmission over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative communication systems. For scalable video coding (SVC) transmission over MIMO wireless systems, a channel selection algorithm is used to enhance transmission rate. The proposed algorithm allows SVC layers to select channels individually in wireless MIMO systems based on channel state information for transmission rate enhancement. Here, this difficult problem is converted into a mathematical optimization problem to improve SVC performance during video transmission. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a higher transmission rate over MIMO systems compared to the existing scheme. For SVC transmission over cooperative communication systems, the algorithm allows each SVC layer to choose an appropriate relay based on channel conditions and SVC layer priority. Thus, SVC data is protected effectively. Experimental results show that video quality obtained by the algorithm exceeds that of non-cooperative systems.

摘要...i
Abstract...ii
Contents...iii
List of Figures...v
List of Tables...vii
Chapter 1 Introduction...1
1.1 Wireless Video Transmission…1
1.2 Scalable Video Transmission over MIMO Wireless Systems...2
1.3 Scalable Video Transmission over Cooperative Communication Networks…4
1.4 Contribution...5
1.5 Organization of this Thesis...6
Chapter 2 Background…7
2.1 SVC…7
2.2 Wireless Fading Channel...10
2.3 MIMO...11
2.4 Cooperative Communication Networks...15
2.5 OFDMA...19
Chapter 3 Channel Selection for SVC Transmission over MIMO Wireless Systems...22
3.1 Sub-channels’ SNR in MIMO Systems...22
3.2 Mathematical Model Analysis for Transmission Rate Enhancement...25
3.3 Error Control Strategy...29
Chapter 4 Relay Selection for SVC Transmission over Cooperative Communication Networks...37
4.1 Relay Selection Scheme for Scenario I…38
4.2 Relay Selection Scheme for Scenario II...42
Chapter 5 Experimental Results...48
5.1 Channel Selectio over MIMO Systems...48
5.2 Relay Selection over Cooperative Communication Networks...53
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work…62
Appendix...64
References...68

[1] T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra, “Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560-576, July 2003.
[2] H. Schwarz, and D. Marpe, “Overview of the scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, pp. 1103-1120, 2007.
[3] A. Segall, and G. Sullivan, “Spatial scalability within the H.264/AVC scalable video coding extension,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, pp. 1121-1135, 2007.
[4] D. Wu, Y.T. Hou, and Y.Q. Zhang, “Scalable video coding and transport over broad-band wireless networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, pp. 6-20, 2001.
[5] T. Schierl, T. Stockhammer, and T. Wiegand, “Mobile video transmission using scalable video coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no.9, pp. 1204-1217, 2007.
[6] C. H. Yeh, K. J. Fan, M. J. Chen, and G. L. Li, “Fast mode decision algorithm for scalable video coding using Bayesian theorem detection and Markov process,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 20, pp. 563-574, 2010.
[7] A. Goldsmith, Wireless communications. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[8] A. J. Paulraj, D. Gore, R. U. Nabar, and H. Bolcskei, “An overview of MIMO communications- a key to gigabit wireless,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 92, pp. 198-218, 2004.
[9] C. N. Chuah, D. N. C. Tse, J. M. Kahn, and R. A. Valenzuela, “Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems under correlated fading,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, pp. 637-650, 2002.
[10] D. Gesbert, H. Bolcskei, D. A. Gore, and A. J. Paulraj, “Outdoor MIMO wireless channels: models and performance prediction,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, pp. 1926-1934, 2002.
[11] N. Jindal, “MIMO broadcast channels with finite-rate feedback,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, pp. 5045-5060, 2006.
[12] A. F. Molisch, M.. Steinbauer, M. Toeltsch, E. Bonek, and R. S. Thomä, “Capacity of MIMO systems based on measured wireless channels,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, pp. 561-569, 2002.
[13] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-time block coding for wireless communications: performance results,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 451-460, March 1990.
[14] G. J. Foschini, “Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, pp. 41-59, 1996.
[15] D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, “From theory to practice: an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, pp. 281-302, 2003.
[16] Y. Liu, Q. S. Tong, A. D. Men, Z. Y. Quan, and B. Yang, “A Joint source-channel coding scheme focused on unequal error protection for H.264 transmission over MIMO-OFDMA system,” in Proceedings of ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Control, and Management, vol. 2, pp. 491-495, 2008.
[17] M. Tesanovic, D. R. Bull, A. Doufexi, and A. R. Nix, “H.264-based multiple description coding for robust video transmission over MIMO systems,” Electronic Letters, vol. 42, pp. 1028-1029, 2006.
[18] R. Hormis, and E. , Linzer, and X. Wang, “Adaptive mode- and diversity-control for video transmission on MIMO wireless channels,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, pp. 3624-3637, 2009.
[19] D. Song, and C. W. Chen, “Scalable H.264/AVC video transmission over MIMO wireless systems with adaptive channel selection based on partial channel information,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, pp. 1218-1226, 2007
[20] T. M. Cover, and J. A. Thomas, Elements of information theory. John Willey & Sons Inc.,West Sussex, 2006.
[21] W. Su, A. K. Sadek, and K. J. R. Liu, “Cooperative communication protocols in wireless networks: performance analysis and optimum power allocation,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 44, pp. 181-217, January 2008.
[22] A. K. Sadek, W. Su, and K. J. R. Liu, “Multi-node cooperative communications in wireless networks,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 55, pp. 341-355, January 2007.
[23] W. Su, A. K. Sadek, and K. J. R. Liu, “SER performance analysis and optimum power allocation for decode-and-forward cooperation protocol in wireless networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 2, pp. 984-989, March 2005.
[24] K. J. R. Liu, A. K. Sadek, W. Su, and A. Kwasinski, Cooperative Communications and Networking, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[25] M. Yu and J. Li, “Is amplify-and-forward practically better than decode-and-forward or vice versa?” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 3, pp. 365-368, March 2005.
[26] A. Stefanov and E. Erkip, “Cooperative information transmission in wireless networks,” in Proceedings of Workshop on Concepts in Information Theory, pp. 90–93, June 2002.
[27] A. Scaglione, D. L. Goeckel, and J. N. Laneman, “Cooperative communications in mobile ad hoc networks,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 18-29, September 2006.
[28] B. Gui and L. J. Cimini Jr., “Bit loading algorithms for cooperative OFDM systems,” in Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference, pp. 1-7, October 2007.
[29] G. Kramer, M. Gastpar, and P. Gupta, “Cooperative strategies and capacity theorems for relay networks,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 51, Issue 9, pp. 3037-3063, September 2005.
[30] Y. Jing and B. Hassibi, “Distributed Space-Time Coding in Wireless Relay Networks,” IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communication, vol. 5, Issue 12, pp. 3524-3536, December 2006.
[31] U. K. Kwon, C. H. Choi and G. H. Im, “Full-rate cooperative communications with spatial diversity for half-duplex uplink relay channels,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication, vol. 8, Issue 11, pp. 5449-5454, November 2009.
[32] W. J. Huang, Y. W. Hong and C.-C. J. Kuo, “Decode-and-forward cooperative relay with multi-user detection in uplink CDMA networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunication Conference, pp. 4397-4401, November 2007.
[33] Y. W. Hong, W. J. Huang, F. H. Chiu and C.-C. J. Kuo, “Cooperative communications in resource-constrained wireless networks,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 47–57, May 2007.
[34] R. V. Nee, and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House, Inc., Norwood, MA, 2000.
[35] K. Lee, and J. Chun, “On the interference nulling operation of the V-BLAST under channel estimation errors,” in Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 2131-2135, 2002.
[36] M. Biguesh, and A. B. Gershman, “Training-based MIMO channel estimation: a study of estimator tradeoffs and optimal training signals,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 54, pp. 884-893, 2006.
[37] Q. Sun, D. C. Cox, H. C. Huang, and A. Lozano, “Estimation of continuous flat fading MIMO channels,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, pp. 549-553 , 2002.
[38] L. Berriche, K. Abed-Meraim, and J. C. Belfiore, “Cramer-Rao bounds for MIMO channel estimation,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 4, pp. 397-400, 2004.
[39] H. V. Poor, and S. Verdu, “Probability of error in MMSE multiuser detection,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 43, pp. 858-871, 1997.
[40] P. Li, and D. Paul, R. Narasimhan, and J. Cioffi, “On the distribution of SINR for the MMSE MIMO receiver and performance analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, pp. 271-286, 2006.
[41] M. Wrulich, C. Mehlfuhrer, and M. Rupp, “Interference aware MMSE equalization for MIMO TxAA,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 1585-1589 , 2008.
[42] L. Zhiwei , B. Premkumar and A. S. Madhukumar, "MMSE detection for high data rate UWB MIMO systems", in Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1463-1467, 2004.
[43] S. Lin, and D. J. Costello, Error control coding, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2004.
[44] J. P. Odenwalder, Error control coding handbook, Linkabit Corporation, San Diego, CA , 1976.