邊緣海是大氣CO2 的源(source)或匯(sink)？目前眾說紛云。所以， 本文針對全世界最大的邊緣海－南海及其周圍海域做二氧化碳分佈的研究。研究結果顯示， 南海秋末(11 月)、蘇祿海冬季(12 月)均為大氣CO2 較小的源，夏末秋初時期(9 月)西菲律賓海為大氣CO2 較大的源。南海人為二氧化碳的穿透深度(約1000m) 淺於西菲律賓海(約1200m)，可能是因為南海內部湧升強烈，使穿透深度較淺。蘇祿海整個海域均已受人為二氧化碳污染， 推測可能是因為蘇祿海深水主要來源為南海水跨過最深約420m 的海檻流入，而南海於420m 已受人為二氧化碳污染的水流入蘇祿海，使蘇祿海內部均有人為二氧化碳，總量約0.28Gt C。
2002年不僅為一個弱到中等強度的聖嬰， 還是自1860年有氣象紀錄開始的第2高溫年。聖嬰時期台灣海峽內水文特徵表現如何？至今仍沒有具體的解釋。根據研究結果顯示， 海峽南部聖嬰年時澎湖水道混合了較多的黑潮水， 推測是因為聖嬰年時季風減弱， 使南海表水循環較慢，流入澎湖水道的比例較少， 導致黑潮水比例增加； 另外根據聖嬰年及2001正常年湧升區的水文參數垂直變化率，聖嬰年時皆大於正常年， 推測聖嬰年湧升強度較弱。在海峽西側靠近中國沿岸的地區受到沿岸湧升的影響，兩年fCO2 均有最高值。澎湖水道湧升區表水fCO2分佈正常年低於聖嬰年， 可能是正常年的基礎生產力高，使fCO2較低。整體而言， 台灣海峽南部正常年△fCO2(sea-air)≒15µatm ，聖嬰年
△fCO2(sea-air)≒20µatm，均為大氣CO2的源。
台灣海峽北部正常年和聖嬰年溫鹽趨勢均為2條直線，且2 水團，均由2種端成分(end member)混合而成。由於兩年兩水團之間鹽度差異極大， 所以皆存有一鹽度鋒面。正常年的鋒面較為明顯， 位置在約於25.67oN, 121.24oE - 25.87oN, 120.95oE之間；聖嬰年的鋒面位置較不明顯， 位置在約於25.67oN, 121.24oE - 25.77oN, 121.08oE。
海峽西側靠近中國沿岸地區的湧升流與冬季(2001/1-3 及2002/1-3)南下的長江沖淡水量多寡有關，正常年冬季(2001/1-3) 時有較多長江沖淡水南流，導致夏季時北流的混合水表層偏低鹽， 加上高溫， 使得表、底水的密度差較大，湧升不易。聖嬰年冬季長江沖淡水南流的量較少，至夏季時北流的混合水鹽度較高，使密度較大，因表、底水密度差較小， 底水容易湧升。正常年鋒面以東的fCO2 高於鋒面以西，推測是因為鋒面以東的黑潮水較為高溫、高鹽， 而使得fCO2 較高。聖嬰年鋒面以西的fCO2 高於鋒面以東， 推測是因為鋒面以西的溫度、鹽度較高， 加上大陸沿岸有湧升的現象， 使得fCO2 較高。聖嬰年鋒面以東的fCO2 的分佈約與大氣平衡，且較正常年時為低，可能是2002 年基礎生產力較高導致。整體而言，台灣海峽北部正常年△fCO2(sea-air) ≒21µatm，聖嬰年△fCO2(sea-air)≒16µatm， 亦均為大氣CO2 的源。

The purpose of this study was to discuss the CO2 variation in and around the South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea in the world. The SCS and Sulu Sea (SS) in November and December respectively, were a small CO2 source to the atmosphere. The West Philippine Sea (WPS) was a large CO2 source to the atmosphere in September. Due to strong upwelling and mixing in the SCS, the excess CO2 penetrated only to approximately 1000m compared to 1200m in the WPS. Because the SCS subsurface water flows to the SS through the 420 m-deep Mindoro Strait, the excess CO2 in the SS was found throughout the entire water column.
According to NOAA, 2002 was a weak-to-moderate strength ENSO year and the second warmest since 1986. The Taiwan Strait is the sole passage which connects the East and South China Seas, but the CO2 variation in the Taiwan Strait is unclear during the ENSO year. We heady discuss the relation between the ENSO and CO2 variation in the Taiwan Strait. During the ENSO year, the Penghu Channel mixed in more Kuroshio water but the upwelling strength weakened. During an ENSO event, the southwest monsoon and surface circulation are weaker than normal, hence there is less SCS water flowing to the Penghu Channel. Primary productivity in the non-ENSO year (2001) was high so the fCO2 was low in the upwelling area in the Penghu Channel. The Δ fCO2(sea-air) was about 15µatm and 20µatm in the non-ENSO year and the ENSO year, respectively. The southern Taiwan Strait was a source of CO2 in summer.
The hydrology in the northern Taiwan Strait in summer was comprised mainly of two different water masses. A salinity front was found at between 25.67oN, 121.24oE and 25.87oN, 120.95oE in the non-ENSO year and at between 25.67oN, 121.24oE and 25.77oN, 121.08oE in the ENSO year. There was coastal upwelling in the western Taiwan Strait in the ENSO year. In the ENSO year, the southward flowing China Coastal Current in winter (January to March) was weaker than normal, which led to a higher percentage of northward flowing water mass in summer. As a result, the summer time salinity in the surface layer became higher so the vertical density gradient became lower than a normal year. East of the front was the Kuroshio and west of the front was the water mass that flew through the Taiwan Strait. The Kuroshio is high in temperature and salinity so the fCO2 to the east of the front was higher than found west of the front in the non-ENSO year. In the ENSO year, owing to the coastal upwelling, the fCO2 near the Chinese coast was higher than east of the front. The northern Taiwan Strait had a Δ fCO2(sea-air) of about 21µatm and 16µatm in the non-ENSO and the ENSO years, respectively, and it was still a source of CO2 in summer.

目 錄
致 謝 ----------------------------------------------------------- I
中文摘要 ----------------------------------------------------------- III
英文摘要 ----------------------------------------------------------- V
目 錄 ----------------------------------------------------------- VII
圖 目 錄 ----------------------------------------------------------- IX
表 目 錄 ----------------------------------------------------------- XV
第一章、 緒 論---------------------------------------------------- 1
第二章、 研究材料與方法-------------------------------------- 7
2.1、 研究材料----------------------------------------------- 7
2.2、 研究方法----------------------------------------------- 13
2.3、 海水滴定總鹼度(TA)的測定----------------------- 17
2.4、 海水總二氧化碳(TCO2)的測定-------------------- 17
2.5、 海水二氧化碳分壓(fCO2)計算--------------------- 17
2.6、 人為二氧化碳的計算--------------------------------
氧化碳(Anthropogenic CO2)的
氧化碳(Anthropogenic CO2)的計算 18
2.7、 無機碳與有機碳分解比例(IC/OC)的計算-------
21
2.8、 蘇祿海Redfield ratio的計算-----------------------
25
第三章、 南海、西菲律賓海、蘇祿海二氧化碳變化之研究及人為二氧化碳的分佈-------------------------
人為二氧化碳的分佈 27
3.1、 地理位置及水文環境概況------------------------- 29
3.2、 二氧化碳的分佈------------------------------------- 39
3.3、 人為二氧化碳的分佈------------------------------- 53
3.4、 IC/OC及蘇祿海Redfield ratio的分佈------------
……… 61
第四章、 台灣海峽聖嬰時期二氧化碳變化之研究------- 64
4.1、 海峽南部水文環境概況及二氧化碳變化------- 65
4.2、 海峽北部水文環境概況及二氧化碳變化------- 83
第五章、 結 論--------------------------------------------------- 101
參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------------------- 104


圖 目 錄
圖1-1、 大氣中CO2濃度的變化------------------------------- 2
圖2-1、 OR-III 721、OR-I 653、OR-II 806和OR-II 871站位圖---------------------------------------------------- 8
圖2-2、 OR-I 508站位圖---------------------------------------- 9
圖2-3、 OR-I 508溫鹽分佈圖---------------------------------- 10
圖2-4、 OR-I 462站位圖---------------------------------------- 11
圖2-5、 OR-I 462溫鹽分佈圖---------------------------------- 12
圖2-6、 蘇祿海 PA-1站位圖----------------------------------- 14
圖2-7、 OR-I 433站位圖---------------------------------------- 15
圖2-8、 WOCE P01測線圖------------------------------------- 16
圖2-9、 西菲律賓海淺層鹽度極大值深度之NTCO2、NTA vs. Theta關係圖---------------------------------- 18
圖2-10、 WOCE (P01測線)之NTCO2、NTA vs. Theta關係圖------------------------------------------------------- 19
圖2-11、 蘇祿海溫鹽分佈圖------------------------------------- 22
圖2-12、 南海與蘇祿海鹽度垂直分佈圖---------------------- 23
圖2-13、 南海淺層鹽度極大值深度之NTCO2、 NTA vs. Theta關係圖--------------------------------------------- 24
圖3-1、 南海與西菲律賓海溫鹽分佈圖---------------------- 30
圖3-2、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海位溫垂直分佈圖- 32
圖3-3、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海鹽度垂直分佈圖- 33
圖3-4、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海硝酸鹽垂直分佈圖-- 34
圖3-5、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海磷酸鹽垂直分佈圖-- 35
圖3-6、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海矽酸鹽垂直分佈圖-- 36
圖3-7、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海NTA垂直分佈圖-- 38
圖3-8、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海pH垂直分佈圖----- 40
圖3-9、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海NTCO2垂直分佈圖 41
圖3-10、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海AOU垂直分佈圖---- 42
圖3-11、 南海、西菲律賓海及蘇祿海Theta vs. pH關係圖 44
圖3-12、 南海、西菲律賓海及蘇祿海Theta vs. NTCO2關係圖------------------------------------------------------- 47
圖3-13、 南海、西菲律賓海及蘇祿海Theta vs. NTA關係圖---------------------------------------------------------- 49
圖3-14、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海Ωa %垂直分佈圖---- 51
圖3-15、 南海人為二氧化碳垂直分佈圖---------------------- 55
圖3-16、 西菲律賓海人為二氧化碳垂直分佈圖------------- 56
圖3-17、 蘇祿海人為二氧化碳垂直分佈圖------------------- 57
圖3-18、 蘇祿海受人為二氧化碳影響前、後Ωa %垂直分佈圖------------------------------------------------------- 58
圖3-19、 蘇祿海受人為二氧化碳影響前、後Ωc %垂直分佈圖------------------------------------------------------- 59
圖3-20、 南海、蘇祿海沉積物CaCO3 %隨深度分佈圖----- 60
圖3-21、 南海、西菲律賓海與蘇祿海IC/OC垂直分佈圖 62
圖4-1、 OR-III 721溫鹽分佈圖-------------------------------- 66
圖4-2、 OR-I 653溫鹽分佈圖---------------------------------- 67
圖4-3、 OR-I 653鹽度剖面分佈圖---------------------------- 68
圖4-4、 OR-III 721鹽度剖面分佈圖-------------------------- 68
圖4-5、 OR-I 653硝酸鹽剖面分佈圖------------------------- 69
圖4-6、 OR-III 721硝酸鹽剖面分佈圖----------------------- 69
圖4-7、 OR-I 653 NTCO2剖面分佈圖------------------------ 71
圖4-8、 OR-III 721 NTCO2剖面分佈圖---------------------- 71
圖4-9、 OR-I 653 pH剖面分佈圖------------------------------ 72
圖4-10、 OR-III 721 pH剖面分佈圖---------------------------- 72
圖4-11、 OR-I 653溫度剖面分佈圖---------------------------- 73
圖4-12、 OR-III 721溫度剖面分佈圖-------------------------- 73
圖4-13、 OR-I 653 σ

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