一九一O年代，在美國艾維茲、柯維爾等開始嘗試擴展鋼琴演奏技巧，不再侷限於琴鍵上的彈奏技巧，從鍵上彈奏延伸至鋼琴內部，企圖將延伸的技巧與傳統的技巧融合，在鋼琴上找尋所有可發出聲音的可能性，盡可能的使鋼琴有能力產生出新的聲音和特殊的音響效果。這些非傳統的鋼琴技巧包含琴鍵上的特殊彈奏、琴弦的彈奏、人聲的運用、拍打鋼琴架構，以及添加物的運用等。本報告所探討的非傳統鋼琴技巧著重在琴鍵上的特殊彈奏，琴弦上的彈奏，以及預製鋼琴的運用。以柯維爾的三首鋼琴作品，《馬拿拿的潮汐》、《風鳴琴》、《妖精》；克倫姆的鋼琴曲《西元一九七九年聖誕節小組曲》、凱基的預製鋼琴作品《神秘的冒險》為例，解釋這些非傳統鋼琴技巧的運用方式，練習時該注意的事項，以及這些如何詮釋這些曲目。
報告的第一章敘述美國二十世紀作曲家對非傳統鋼琴技巧的概念及歷史發展。第二章探討非傳統鋼琴技巧的運用手法及演奏需知。琴鍵上的彈奏包含有聲音堆和無聲音堆。琴弦上的彈奏包含撥奏、弦上滑奏、刮奏、鍾奏、弱音、泛音。第三章討論預製鋼琴概念，以及使用方式。最後對所研究的內容做總結。

In 1910s, composers in America such as Ives and Cowell started to explore the possibilities of traditional piano playing techniques. They intended to incorporate some extended techniques in traditional techniques. Techniques were not confined to keyboard playing but also playing inside the piano. They thought all the sounding probabilities of piano and tried their best to generate new sounds and special sounding effects. These non-traditional techniques include special playing techniques on keyboard and strings, add in human voices, tapping on piano frame and use of foreign objects into the piano. This paper emphasizes on special playing on keyboard, playing in strings of non-traditional techniques and prepared piano. Using Cowell’s three piano pieces：The Tides of Manaunaun, Aeolian Harp and The Banshee；Crumb’s piano work A Little Suite for Chrismas,A.D.1979,1980 and Cage’s prepared piano piece Mysterious Adventure as examples to explain the usages and practice methods of these non-traditional techniques, and the interpretation of these piano works.
The first chapter indicates 20th century American composers’ concepts on non-traditional techniques and their development. The second chapter confers the mechanism of non-traditional techniques and their requirements in piano playing. Non-traditional techniques include keyboard playing and string playing. Keyboard playing contains sounding clusters and silent clusters. String playing comprises plucking, glissando on strings, scrape strings, martellato, muting sounds and harmonics. The Third Chapter provides the concept of prepared piano and its usage. There will be a summary of the research in the end of the paper.

目錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ II
Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ III

第一章 前言------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
第二章 二十世紀非傳統鋼琴技巧---------------------------------------------------- 6
第一節 琴鍵之彈奏----------------------------------------------------------------- 7
第二節 琴弦之彈奏---------------------------------------------------------------- 12
第三節 演奏須知------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
第三章 預製鋼琴----------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
第一節 預製鋼琴之背景及概念------------------------------------------------ 34
第二節 演奏須知----------------------------------------------------------------- 39
結 論------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
參考書目----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

中 文 書 目


康謳主編。 《大陸音樂詞點》 台北市：大陸書店。
李美文。 《從演奏法觀點探討喬治克倫姆六首鋼琴獨奏曲》 台北：華泰文化事業股份有限公司，2000年。


外 文 書 目

Burge, David. Twentieth Century Piano Music. New York:Schirmer books,1990.
Chase, Gibert. American’s Music, From the Pilgrims to the Present. Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1922.
---------. Ed. The American Composer Speaks. Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1966.
Cowell, Henry. New Musical Resources. Preface and Notes by Joscelyn Codwin, New York:Something Else Press,1969.
David, W. Patterson. John Cage : Music, Philosophy, and Intention, 1933-1950. New York : Garland Pub., 2002.
Gillespie, Don. George Crumb : Profile of a Composer. New York : C.F. Peters, Co.,1986.
Hitchcock, H. Wiley. Music in the United States : a Historical Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, c1988.
Hudicek, Laurie Marie. Off Key: A comprehensive Guide to Unconventional Piano Techniques (Henry Cowell, John Cage, Alan Hovhaness, George Crumb, Alexandra Pierce). D.M.A. Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park,2002.
Junkerman, Charles and Perloff, Marjorie. John Cage : Composed in America. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Loesser, Arthur. Men, Women, and Pianos : a Social History. New York : Dover Publications, 1990.
Morgan, Robert. Twentieth-Century Music : a History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America. New York : Norton, c1991.
Pretorius, Elizabeth Catharina. “Aspects of John Cage’s Prepared Piano.” M.M.U.S. , University of Pretoria,1987.
Salzman, Eric. Twentieth-Century music : an Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, c1988
Sandor, Gyorgy. On Piano Playing : Motion, Sound and Expression. New York : Schirmer Books, 1981.
Smith, Geoff and Smith, Nicola Walker. New Voices : American Composers Talk About Their Music.
Yates, Peter. Twentieth Century Music; Its Evolution from the End of the Harmonic Era into the Present Era of Sound. New York, Pantheon Books ,1967.
Whittall, Arnold. Musical Composition in the Twentieth Century. New York : Oxford University Press, 1999
The New Grove Dicionary of Music and Musician s. (1980), S. V. “Cage, John. Cowell, Henry. Crumb, George.” By Leonard A. Pearlman.
Warburton, Thomas. “New Piano Techiniques for Crumb’s Piano Music.” Piano Quarterly 22/87, 1974, pp.15-16.





樂 譜


Charles, Ives. Piano Pieces. Mainz, West Germany : Wergo, 1985.
Cage, John. Bacchanale.. New York：C. F. Peters Corporation, 1960.
---------. Mysterious Advenure. New York：C. F. Peters Corporation, 1945.
---------. The Perilious Night. New York：C. F. Peters Corporation, 1945.
Copland, Aaron. Piano Variations. New York：Boosey and Hawkes, 1922.
---------. Passacaglia for Solo Piano. Boca Raton：Masters Music Publication, 1998.
Cowell, Henry. Piano Music. New York：Associated Music Publishers, 1922.
Crumb, Geogre. A Little Suite for Christmas, A.D.1979. New York：C. F. Peters Co, 1980.
Gershwin, George. Rhapsody in Blue. New York：New World Music Corp, 1990.