近年來，隨著廈門灣經濟快速發展，周邊工業也隨之興盛，不但導致能源的大量消耗及污染物的大量排放，緊接而來的環境污染問題也變得十分棘手，其中尤以空氣污染最為明顯。而金門地區亦遭受池魚之殃，雖然當地幾乎無大型工業活動，但其空氣品質卻是全台灣地區空氣品質最惡劣的區域，且由金門監測站發現懸浮微粒濃度日間及夜間變化趨勢有所差異，期望藉由本研究釐清其可能原因。
本研究於2010年4月~2011年4月在廈門灣選定10個採樣點，進行日間(8:00~17:00)與夜間(17:00~翌日8:00)大氣懸浮微粒採樣。另在PM10濃度偏高期間，進行連續5日大氣懸浮微粒採樣，並增加雙粒徑分道採樣器(PM2.5及PM2.5-10)及微孔均勻沈降衝擊器(0.056 μm≦dp≦18 μm)之採樣。此外，本研究亦採集廈門灣主要污染源之粉塵樣本，以自行設計之再懸浮室將其重新懸浮於空氣中予以採集。懸浮微粒物化分析項目包括質量濃度、粒徑分佈、水溶性離子成份、金屬元素成份及碳成份。
研究結果發現例行性採樣期間秋、冬兩季PM10平均濃度明顯高於春、夏兩季，主要受到大陸冷高壓南下將北方空氣污染物吹送至廈門灣及擴散不利之氣象因子所影響，逆軌跡分析結果亦指出來自北方的懸浮微粒濃度確實較來自南方的高。進一步利用t檢定分析廈門灣各測站不同季節之日間及夜間PM10濃度差異性，發現金沙國小之日夜濃度差異已達顯著水準(p-value<0.05)，顯示此採樣站日間及夜間之懸浮微粒污染來源應有所差異。密集採樣期間，亦可能受到粗微粒(如：沙塵暴)之影響，其粒徑分佈呈現雙峰型態，且粗粒峰略高於細粒峰，其最大粒徑分別位於3.2~5.6 μm及0.32~0.56 μm。
水溶性離子成份中以二次無機性氣膠(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+)為主，約佔85%。Mg、K、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Zn、Al、Cu、As等金屬元素成份之日夜濃度比值(D/N)變化範圍均在一個數量級內，而Cd、Pb、Ni、Ti之D/N比值平均值在春季及夏季變化範圍則大於一個數量級，顯示懸浮微粒濃度之日夜差異及季節變化係導致於污染來源之不同。OC與EC濃度藉由相關性係分析發現，夏季期間夜間OC與EC之相關性有大於日間之趨勢；而冬季期間則呈現金門地區相關性大於廈門地區之情形。
由富集因子分析結果顯示，陶瓷業、石材加工業及水泥業之相關性較電力業高，而地殼揚塵依序為街道揚塵、旱田揚塵、建築工地，另生質燃燒亦是不可以忽視之污染源。主成分分析法及受體模式結果顯示，廈門灣之日間及夜間懸浮微粒均以衍生性污染物、燃料及生質燃燒、海水飛沫、交通污染及土壤揚塵為主要污染來源，而石材加工業、水泥業、陶瓷業、電力業貢獻率以冬季最為顯著，日間約佔38%，而夜間約佔45%。

In recent years, the rapid development of economy and industry in Xiamen Bay causes serious environmental problems, particularly poor air quality and visibility impairment. There are no large-scale industrial emission sources in Kinmen Island, however, its ambient air quality is always the poorest in Taiwan. Moreover, ambient air quality monitoring data showed that PM10 concentrations varied in daytime and at nighttime. Consequently, this study tired to ascertain the potential causes for this phenomenon.
This study selected ten particulate matter (PM) sampling sites at Xiamen Bay, including five sites at Kinmen Island and five sites at metro Xiamen. Particulate matter sampling was conducted in daytime (8:00-17:00) and at nighttime (17:00-8:00), which included regular and intensive sampling. Regular sampling was conducted to collect PM10 with high-volume samplers three times a month from April 2009 to April 2010, while intensive sampling was conducted to collect fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles with dichotomous samplers and particle size distribution with a MOUDI at site B2 for consecutive 5 days in the spring and winter of 2009~2010. After sampling, the physicochemical properties of PM, including mass concentrations, particle size distribution, water- soluble ionic species, metallic elements, and carbonaceous contents were further analyzed.
The level of atmospheric PM is affected by meteorological condition, thus PM10 concentrations in winter and fall was much higher than those in spring and summer. Results from backward trajectories showed that the concentrations of PM10 blown from the north were generally higher than those from the south. Furthermore, t-test analysis indicated that PM10 concentrations in daytime and at nighttime at site B3 were significantly different (p-value<0.05). During the intensive sampling periods, PM10 concentrations were mainly affected by coarse particles compared to fine particles. The highest concentration for fine and coarse particle modes occurred at the size ranges of 0.32~0.56 μm and 3.2~5.6 μm, respectively.
The most abundant water-soluble ionic species of PM10 were secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) which accounted for 85% of total ions. The daytime and nighttime PM10 concentration ratios (D/N) for Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, As, and V were in the same order of magnitude, however, the D/N ratios of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Ti in spring and summer varied higher than an order of magnitude, indicating that the emission sources of PM were different in daytime and at nighttime. Correlation analysis of OC and EC showed that OC and EC at nighttime had a higher correlation than those in daytime, while OC and EC had a higher correlation in Kinmen Island than those in metro Xiamen, indicating carbonaceous sources must be different in summer and winter at Xiamen Bay.
Enrichment factor analysis revealed that ceramic industry, stone processing, and cement industry had higher correlation with PM10 concentration than utility power plants. Crustal dusts consisted of road dusts, farmland dusts, and constructive dusts, while biomass burning was not a negligible sources. Results obtained from PCA and CMB receptor modeling showed that major sources of PM in Xiamen Bay were secondary inorganic aerosols, fuel and biomass burning, marine aerosols, vehicular exhansts, and soil dusts. Besides, stone processing, cement industry, ceramic industry, and utility power plants had the highest contribution in winter. Their contributions in daytime and at nighttime were 38% and 45%, respectively.

目 錄
頁次
謝誌………………………………………………………………….. I
中文摘要…………………………………………………………….. III
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….. V
目錄………………………………………………………………….. VI
表目錄……………………………………………………………….. IX
圖目錄……………………………………………………………….. XI
第一章　前言……………………………………………………….. 1-1
1-1 研究緣起…………………………………………………… 1-1
1-2 研究目的…………………………………………………… 1-2
1-3 研究範圍與架構…………………………………………… 1-2
第二章　文獻回顧………………………………………………….. 2-1
2-1懸浮微粒生成機制及物化特性……………………………. 2-1
2-1-1 懸浮微粒污染來源及生成機制………………………. 2-1
2-1-2 水溶性離子成份特性…………………………………. 2-2
2-1-3 金屬元素成份特性……………………………………. 2-5
2-1-4 碳成份特性……………………………………………. 2-7
2-2 懸浮微粒與氣象因子之相關性…………………………… 2-9
2-2-1 懸浮微粒濃度之日夜變化…………………………… 2-9
2-2-2 溫度與相對濕度………………………………………. 2-11
2-2-3 風速與風向……………………………………………. 2-13
2-3 廈門灣懸浮微粒濃度變化趨勢………………………….. 2-14
2-3-1 廈門灣地理環境及氣候特徵…………………………. 2-14
2-3-2 廈門灣懸浮微監測現況………………………………. 2-15
2-4 廈門灣環境負荷特性……………………………………… 2-18
2-4-1金門地區環境負荷特性………………………………. 2-18
2-4-2廈門地區環境負荷特性………………………………. 2-19
2-5 國內外海灣懸浮微粒相關研究回顧……………………… 2-20
2-6 污染源解析模式之應用…………………………………… 2-25
2-6-1 富集因子分析法(Enrichment Factor)..………..……… 2-25
2-6-2 主成份分析法(Principal Component Analysis)………. 2-29
2-6-3 化學質量平衡受體模式(CMB Receptor Model)……... 2-30
2-6-4 逆軌跡模式(Backward Trajectory) …………………... 2-32
第三章　研究方法…………………………………………………. 3-1
3-1 採樣規劃…………………………………………………… 3-1
3-1-1 採樣地點規劃…………………………………………. 3-1
3-1-2 採樣時間規劃…………………………………………. 3-3
3-1-3 懸浮微粒指紋特徵分析………………………………. 3-4
3-2 採樣方法與原理…………………………………………… 3-5
3-2-1懸浮微粒採樣方法及原理…………………………….. 3-5
3-2-2 微孔均勻沈降衝擊器…………………………………. 3-6
3-3 質量濃度量測及化學成份分析方法……………………… 3-9
3-3-1 質量濃度量測方法…………………………………… 3-9
3-3-2 水溶性離子成份分析方法……………………………. 3-9
3-3-3 金屬元素成份分析方法………………………………. 3-10
3-3-4 碳成份分析方法………………………………………. 3-11
3-4 品保與品管………………………………………………… 3-12
3-4-1 採樣方法之品保與品管………………………………. 3-12
3-4-2 分析方法之品保與品管………………………………. 3-13
3-5 大氣懸浮微粒之污染源解析法…………………………… 3-15
3-5-1 富集因子分析法………………………………………. 3-15
3-5-2 主成份分析法…………………………………………. 3-16
3-5-3 化學質量平衡受體模式………………………………. 3-16
3-5-4 逆軌跡模式……………………………………………. 3-18
第四章　結果與討論……………………………………………….. 4-1
4-1採樣期間金門地區氣象條件分析…………………………. 4-1
4-1-1 風速及風向……………………………………………. 4-1
4-1-2 相對濕度………………………………………………. 4-5
4-2懸浮微粒濃度變化趨勢分析……………………………….. 4-7
4-2-1懸浮微粒濃度日夜及季節變化趨勢分析…………….. 4-7
4-2-2 密集性採樣日夜PM10濃度變化趨勢及粒徑分佈分析 4-14
4-2-3 懸浮微粒傳輸路徑分析………………………………. 4-25
4-3 懸浮微粒化學成份變化趨勢分析………………………… 4-29
4-3-1 懸浮微粒中水溶性離子成份日夜及季節變化趨勢分 析……………………………………………………….4-29
4-3-2 懸浮微粒中金屬元素成份之日夜及季節變化趨勢分析……………………………………………………….4-40
4-3-3 懸浮微粒中碳成份之日夜及季節變化趨勢分析……. 4-47
4-3-4 不同傳輸路徑化學成份之消長………………………. 4-55
4-4 廈門灣周邊污染源排放懸浮微粒之指紋特徵…………… 4-59
4-5 廈門灣污染源相關性分析………………………………… 4-68
4-5-1 富集因子解析化學成份與污染源相關性……………. 4-68
4-5-2 主成份分析法判別主要污染源種類…………………. 4-69
4-5-3 化學質量平衡法解析污染源貢獻量…………………. 4-83
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………… 5-1
5-1 結論……………………………………………………….. 5-1
5-2 建議……………………………………………………….. 5-3
參考文獻
附錄A 分析方法之品保品管
附錄B 分析儀器之檢量線

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