Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0902111-144408 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0902111-144408
論文名稱
Title
工作環境下的使命感
Understanding the sense of calling in the work context
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
105
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2011-08-31
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2011-09-02
關鍵字
Keywords
使命感、組織支持氣候、企業社會責任、個人績效、人格特質
individual performance, supportive climate, corporate social responsibility, personality traits, sense of calling
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5825 次,被下載 377
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5825 times, has been downloaded 377 times.
中文摘要
人們對於工作意義的認知與尋找,使得使命感一詞逐漸在組織研究中受到重視。然而,使命感的運作機制,尤其是使命感如何運用在工作上仍是個未知數。因此,本研究旨在瞭解使命感的概念,並且探究如何將使命感實際運用在組織裡。有鑑於此,本研究提出跨層次模型,以檢測使命感的前因與後果,並討論組織因素對使命感可能產生的影響。樣本資料來自24個不同組織共186位員工,並且以層級線性模式進行假設的驗證。研究結果顯示,具備某些個人特質(如外向性、親和性、盡責以及開放)的員工,容易發現其使命感較高。另一方面,員工個人的使命感也有可能透過組織的操弄而逐漸產生或提高,例如本研究中所強調的組織社會責任與組織的支持性氣候)。更重要的是,使命感亦被證實能夠正向地影響員工個人的績效表現。總結而言,本研究同時考慮個人與組織因素對使命感的影響,不僅有助於瞭解使命感的運作機制,也為未來使命感在工作環境下的運用,提供了理論與實務上的基礎。
Abstract
The sense of calling has emerged as a burgeoning research interest for the past decade due to its tight connection to the meaning of work. However, the mechanism of the sense of calling, especially how it works in the work context remains unclear. This study aims at enhancing the understanding and knowledge of what the concept of calling is and how to apply it into organizations. Therefore, a cross-level model was proposed and the antecedents and consequences of calling along with the influence of organizational factors were examined. Data were collected from 24 organizations consisted of 186 employees, and hierarchical linear modeling techniques were applied to test the hypotheses. As a result, it is found that with certain personality traits (i.e., Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness), one’s sense of calling is more easily to be discovered. On the other hand, it is also likely to foster or develop one’s sense of calling through organization’s manipulation (i.e., the emphasis of CSR and the supportive climate). More importantly, the positive impact of sense of calling on an individual’s performance has been demonstrated. Consequently, by considering both organizational-level and individual-level factors into the mechanism of calling, a valuable insight and application of an individual’s sense of calling in the work context have been established.
目次 Table of Contents
Table of contents………….iii
List of Figures……………..vi
List of Tables……………...vi
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………1
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Calling…………………………………………4
2.1.1 The Origin and Concept of Calling……………………4
2.1.2 The Sense of Calling…………………………………12
2.1.3 The Definition of Calling…………………………….13
2.2 The Antecedents of Calling…………………………15
2.2.1 Personality Traits……………………………………16
2.2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)…………...19
2.3 The Consequences of Calling………………………21
2.3.1 Task Performance………………………………….22
2.3.2 Contextual Performance…………………………...23
2.4 The Mediating Role of Calling……………………….24
2.5 Moderating Role of CSR and Supportive Climate…27
2.5.1 Moderating Effect of CSR on the Relationship
between Personality Traits and Sense of Calling….27
2.5.2 Moderating Effect of Supportive Climate on the
Relationship between Sense of Calling and
Individual Performance…….28
Chapter 3 Research Methods
3.1 Problem Statement…………………………………31
3.2 Study Framework…………............................31
3.3 Hypotheses…………....................................32
3.4 Sample and Procedure……………………………..34
3.5 Definition and Operational Definition………………35
3.6 Measurement…………………………………………37
3.7 Reliability and Validity of Measurement…………..42
3.8 Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)…………………52
3.9 Sample Description……………………………….53
Chapter 4 Results
4.1 Descriptive Statistics…………………………………56
4.2 The Individual Differences in Sense of Calling……58
4.3 Results of Hierarchical Linear Model………………59
4.3.1 Results of HLM Null Models………………………59
4.3.2 Individual-Level Predictors………………………..60
4.3.3 Organizational-Level Predictors…………………64
4.4 The Results of Hypothesis Testing…………………72
Chapter 5 Discussion & Conclusion
5.1 From Religious View to Secular View………………73
5.1.1 Being Called: Discovered or Developed?..............73
5.1.2 Positive Impact of Sense of Calling
on Performance...............................................75
5.2 The Intertwined Relationship between
Individual and Organization………………………76
5.3 Practical Implication……………………………….78
5.4 Limitations and Directions for Future Research……79
5.5 Concluding Remarks…………………………………80

Reference…………………………………………………81
Appendix I………………………………………………89
Appendix II……………………………………………..94
參考文獻 References
Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., & Ganapathi, J. (2007). Puttinh the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 836-863.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Bargh, J., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1-2), 9-30. doi: 10.1111/1468-2389.00160
Basu, K., & Palazzo, G. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: A process model of sensemaking. [Article]. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 122-136.
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Traits, Skill, and Motivation to Subsequent Venture Growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587
Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. The Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 292-303.
Baumeister, R. (1991). Meanings of life: The Guilford Press.
Becker-Olsen, K. L., Cudmore, B. A., & Hill, R. P. (2006). The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(1), 46-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.01.001
Bellah, R., Sullivan, W., Tipton, S., Swidler, A., & Madsen, R. (1985). Habits of the Heart: University of California Press Berkeley.
Berg, J. M., Grant, A. M., & Johnson, V. (2010). When callings are calling: Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings. Organization Science, 21(5), 973-994. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0497
Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2009). The Call of the Wild: Zookeepers, Callings, and the Double-edged Sword of Deeply Meaningful Work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 32-57.
Burch, G., & Anderson, N. (2008). Personality as a predictor of work-related behavior and performance: Recent advances and directions for future research. International review of industrial and organizational psychology, 23, 261-305.
Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1293-1305. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.012
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295. doi: 10.1177/000765039903800303
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246.
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception–behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893-910. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving Interactional Organizational Research: A Model of Person-Organization Fit. The Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 333-349.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., Whiteman, J. A., & Kilcullen, R. N. (2000). Examination of relationships among trait-like individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 835-847. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.835
Collier, J., & Esteban, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and employee commitment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(1), 19-33.
Dalton, J. C. (2001). Career and calling: Finding a place for the spirit in work and community. New Directions for Student Services, 2001(95), 17-25. doi: 10.1002/ss.19
Davidson, J. C., & Caddell, D. P. (1994). Religion and the Meaning of Work. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33(2), 135-147.
Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and Vocation at Work: Definitions and Prospects for Research and Practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 424-450. doi: 10.1177/0011000008316430
Dik, B. J., Duffy, R. D., & Eldridge, B. M. (2009). Calling and Vocation in Career Counseling: Recommendations for Promoting Meaningful Work. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(6), 625-632. doi: 10.1037/a0015547
Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., & Steger, M. F. (2008). Development of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ). Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Boston.
Dobrow, S. R. (2004). Extreme subjective career success: A new integrated view of having a calling. Paper presented at the Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management Conference, New Orleans.
Dobrow, S. R. (2007). The development of calling: A longitudinal study of musicians. Paper presented at the Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management Conference, Philadelphia.
Dobrow, S. R., & Tosti-Kharas, J. (2010). Calling " a calling" a calling: The development of a scale measure. Working Paper.
Dreher, D., Holloway, K., & Schoenfelder, E. (2007). The Vocation Identity Questionnaire: Measuring the Sense of Calling. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 99.
Duffy, R. D., Dik, B. J., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Calling and work-related outcomes: Career commitment as a mediator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.013
Duffy, R. D., & Sedlacek, W. E. (2007). The presence of and search for a calling: Connections to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 590-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007
Durkheim, E. (1984). The Division of Labor in Society (W. D. Halls, Trans.). New York: Free Press.
Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C., & McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 428-440. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.009
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Funder, D. C., & Fast, L. A. (2010). Personality in social psychology. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 668-697). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Furnham, A. (2005). The Psychology of Behaviour at Work: The Individual in the Organisation. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
Gavin, M. B., & Hofmann, D. A. (2002). Using hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the moderating influence of leadership climate. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(1), 15-33.
Gonzalez-Roma, V., Peiro, J. M., & Tordera, N. (2002). An examination of the antecedents and moderator influences of climate strength. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 465-473. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.465
Grant, A. M. (2007). Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 393-417.
Grant, A. M., & Sumanth, J. (2009). Mission possible? The performance of prosocially motivated employees depends on manager trustworthiness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 927-944. doi: 10.1037/a0014391
Hall, D. T. (1976). Careers in organizations: Goodyear Pacific Palisades, CA.
Hall, D. T., & Chandler, D. E. (2005). Psychological success: When the career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 155-176. doi: 10.1002/job.301
Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006). How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 305-325.
Hirschi, A. (2010). Callings in career: A typological approach to essential and optional components. Journal of Vocational Behavior, In Press, Accepted Manuscript. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.11.002
Hofmann, D. A. (1997). An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models. Journal of management, 23(6), 723-744.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Hunt, S. T. (2002). On the virtues of staying ‘inside of the box’: Does organizational citizenship behavior detract from performance in Taylorist jobs? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1-2), 152-159. doi: 10.1111/1468-2389.00202
Hunter, I., Dik, B., & Banning, J. (2010). College students' perceptions of calling in work and life: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.008
Jamali, D. (2007). The Case for Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries. Business and Society Review, 112(1), 1-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8594.2007.00284.x
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., Mulaik, S. A., & Ladd, R. T. (1992). Validity generalization in the context of situational models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 3-14.
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Judge, T., & Ilies, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 797-807.
Judge, T., LePine, J., & Rich, B. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 762-775.
Kreft, I., & De Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing Multilevel Modeling. London: Sage.
Liao, H., & Chuang, A. (2004). A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 41-58.
Locke, E., Latham, G., Smith, K., Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance: Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate - employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 219-238. doi: 10.1002/job.507
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. A. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321-349.
Maignan, I. (2001). Consumers' perceptions of corporate social responsibilities: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 57-72.
Maignan, I., & Ferrell, O. C. (2000). Measuring corporate citizenship in two countries: The case of the United States and France. Journal of Business Ethics, 23, 283-297.
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80(4), 252-283. doi: 10.1037/h0035002
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475
Motowildo, S., Borman, W., & Schmit, M. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71-83.
Novak, M. (1996). Business as a Calling: Work and the examined life. New York: The Free Press.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ostroff, C. (1993). The effects of climate and personal influences on individual behavior and attitudes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(1), 56-90. doi: DOI: 10.1006/obhd.1993.1045
Perkins, W. (1616). A Treatise of the Vocations or Callings of Men. Cambridge.
Peterson, C., Park, N., Hall, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2009). Zest and work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 161-172. doi: 10.1002/job.584
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. doi: Doi: 10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
Pratt, M., & Ashforth, B. (2003). Fostering meaningfulness in working and at work. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 309-327). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. (2009). Chinese consumers’ perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 119-132. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9825-x
Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods: Sage Publications.
Roberts, J. (2003). The manufacture of corporate social responsibility: Constructing corporate sensibility. Organization, 10(2), 249-265. doi: 10.1177/1350508403010002004
Robitschek, C. (2003). Vocational psychology assessment: Positive human characteristics leading to positive work outcomes. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A Handbook of models and measures (pp. 377-392). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Rogg, K. L., Schmidt, D. B., Shull, C., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Human resource practices, organizational climate, and customer satisfaction. Journal of management, 27(4), 431-449.
Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
Rupp, D. E., Ganapathi, J., Aguilera, R. V., & Williams, C. A. (2006). Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: an organizational justice framework. [Article]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 537-543.
Sen, S., & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Does doing food always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225-243.
Serow, R. (1994). Called to teach: A study of highly motivated preservice teachers. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 27(2), 65-72.
Shadur, M. A., Kienzle, R., & Rodwell, J. J. (1999). The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement. Group & Organization Management, 24(4), 479-503. doi: 10.1177/1059601199244005
Smith-Crowe, K., Burke, M. J., & Landis, R. S. (2003). Organizational climate as a moderator of safety knowledge–safety performance relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(7), 861-876. doi: 10.1002/job.217
Thompson, J., & Bunderson, J. (2003). Violations of principle: Ideological currency in the psychological contract. The Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 571-586.
Turban, D. B., & Greening, D. W. (1997). Corporate Social Performance and Organizational Attractiveness to Prospective Employees. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 658-672.
Tuzzolino, F., & Armandi, B. R. (1981). A need-hierarchy framework for assessing corporate social responsibility. The Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 21-28.
Van de Ven, A. H. (2001). Medtronic's Chairman William George on how mission-driven companies create long-term shareholder value. 15(4), 39-47.
Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(5), 525-531. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.525
Wartick, S. L., & Cochran, P. L. (1985). The evoluation of the corporate social performance model. Academy of Management Review, 10, 758-769.
Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (T. Parsons, Trans.). London and New York: Routledge Classics.
Weiss, J., Skelley, M., Haughey, J., & Hall, D. T. (2003). Calling, new careers and spirituality: A reflective perspective for organizational leaders and professionals. Research in Ethical Issues, 5, 175-201. doi: 10.1016/S1529-2096(03)05009-0
Williams, L., & Anderson, S. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of management, 17(3), 601.
Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate Social Performance Revisited. The Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 691-718.
Wrzesniewski, A. (2003). Finding positive meaning at work. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 296-308). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Wrzesniewski, A., Dekas, K. H., & Rosso, B. D. (2009). Calling. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology (pp. 115-118). West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active grafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201.
Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E., & Debebe, G. (2003). Interpersonal Sensemaking and the Meaning of Work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 93-135. doi: 10.1016/s0191-3085(03)25003-6
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers and callings: People's relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 21-33.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of management, 36(2), 381-404. doi: 10.1177/0149206309335187
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:自定論文開放時間 user define
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code