本研究於2001及2002兩年3月下旬到7月上旬之鳥類繁殖期在高雄縣林業試驗所六龜分所所轄之六龜試驗林進行鳥類群聚調查，旨在探討天然林與台灣杉人工林鳥類群聚的差異。研究期間共記錄13科34種鳥種，其中天然林記錄有31種鳥種，而台灣杉人工林記錄有25種。利用歧異度、均勻度、種豐度及總密度等指標並無法直接解釋兩種不同林相間鳥類群聚的差異。在11種鳥類同功群中，肉食性猛禽及冠層啄木者只出現於天然林。而對樹洞的需求乃是限制冠層啄木在台灣杉人工林中出現的主要原因。天然林冠層有複雜的枝葉結構及穩定且多樣的食物資源，因而冠層雜食者於天然林中有較穩定的族群；而由於底層植物過於鬱閉限制了築巢及覓食的空間，導致地面蟲食者幾乎不出現於天然林。台灣杉人工林之冠層缺乏植物性食物資源，故鳥種組成以冠層覓啄蟲食者為主；而針葉樹之枝葉結構也較適於冠層飛啄蟲食者覓食所需。利用降趨對應分析檢視鳥類群聚與棲地環境之關係，影響鳥類群聚在兩林相間變異的主要原因為森林棲地結構的複雜性，但海拔及地理位置的變異也有可能造成影響。

The objective of the study is to compare the bird communities between natural forests and Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) plantations. I surveyed the bird communities in the experimental forests of Liu-Kuei Station, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan during the breeding season from late March to early July in 2001 and 2002. A total of 34 bird species were recorded during the 2-year study period. Of these, thirty-one species were recorded in natural forests and 25 species in Taiwania plantations. Four indices, including diversity, evenness, species richness and total densities, could not clearly explain the differences between two forest types. Of the 11 assemblage guilds, carnivores and canopy woodpeckers only occurred in natural forests. The limited availability of nest holes limits the densities of species required holes to nest. Due to complex forest structures and stable and plentiful food resource, canopy foliage omnivores have stable densities in natural forests. But the very dense understory vegetation limits the number of suitable nesting or foraging sites require by ground insectivores. Because of less vegetation food resource, canopy foliage insectivores are the main component of the bird communities in Taiwania plantations. In addition, the foliage structure of the conifers is adequate for canopy hover insectivores to forage. The result of detrended correspondence analysis revealed that the differences of the bird communities between natural forests and Taiwania plantations mainly due to the complexity of the forest structures, nevertheless, the altitude and spatial variation would produce some impacts.

摘要 ……………………………………………………………………I
Abstract………………………………………………………………II
Introduction …………………………………………………………1
Material and Methods ………………………………………………4
Study area……………………………………………………………4
Study sites selection ……………………………………………4
Vegetation characteristics sampling …………………………5
Bird sampling ………………………………………………………5
Assemblage guilds …………………………………………………6
Data analysis ………………………………………………………7
Results ………………………………………………………………9
Vegetation characteristics………………………………………9
Composition of bird communities ………………………………9
Indices of bird communities……………………………………11
Assemblage guilds…………………………………………………11
Bird communities and forest structure………………………12
Discussion……………………………………………………………14
Bird communities and habitats…………………………………14
Indices of bird communities……………………………………14
Assemblage guilds and specific species ……………………15
Habitat assemblage ………………………………………………18
Temporal and spatial variation ………………………………18
Endemic species and conservation species …………………19
Literature cited……………………………………………………21
Tables…………………………………………………………………28
Figures ………………………………………………………………43
Appendix………………………………………………………………48

Bibby, C.J., N.J. Burgess and D.A. Hill, 1992. Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, 257 pp.
Canterbury, G.E., T.E. Martin, D.R. Petit, L.J. Petit and D.F. Bradford. 2000. Bird communities and habitat as ecological indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring. Conservation Biology 14: 544-558.
Carignan, V. and M.-A. Villard. 2002. Effects of variations in micro-mammal abundance on artificial nest predation in conifer plantations and adjoining deciduous forests. Forest Ecology and Management 157: 255-265.
Chai, P. 1977. Study on ecological isolation of birds in Taiwan. Master’s Thesis. Tunghai University, Taichung. (In Chinese)
Chang, H.W., C.P. Wu, C.H. Yang, Y.L. Chen and J.T. Chao. 2000. Effects of thinning on bird communities in Taiwania cryptomerioides plantation. p201-210. In: Chiu, W. L., Y. C. Huang, and Y. C. Shen, editors. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Conservation and Management of Forest Resource. Taipei, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. (In Chinese)
Chen, E.L. 1996. The effects of edge on the bird community in Fushan. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Chen, T.K. 1994. Resource partitioning of avian communities in Hsitou. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Chen, Y.H. 1996. Studies of the vegetation ecology of watershed along the upper stream of Dona-Wen Chiuan Chi. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 11: 275-287. (In Chinese with English summary)
Chen. S.Y. 2000. Multivariate Analysis. Second edition. Hwa-Tai Bookstore, Taipei, Taiwan. 120 pp. (In Chinese)
Cheng, C.C. and Y.C. Lai. 2002. Biodiversity in deciduous hardwood and conifer plantations of the upper LiuKuei (Shanping) area. Taiwan Journal of Forestry Science 17: 155-170.
Dale, S., K. Mork, R. Solvang and A.J. Plumptre. 2000. Edge effects on the understory bird community in a logged forest in Uganda. Conservation Biology 14: 265-276.
Ding, T.S. 1993. Ecology of bird communities in mature forests at Mt. Yushan. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Donald, P.F., R.J. Fuller, A.D. Evans and S.J. Gough. 1998. Effects of forest management and grazing on breeding bird communities in plantations of broadleaved and coniferous trees in western England. Biological Conservation 85: 183-197.
Drapeau, P., A. Leduc, J.-F. Giroux, J.-P.L. Savard, Y. Bergeron and W.L. Vickery. 2000. Landscape-scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests. Ecological Monographs 70: 423-444.
Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. 1993-2000. Flora of Taiwan. Second edition. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan. Volume 1-6.
Enoksson, B., P. Angelstam and K. Larsson. 1995. Deciduous forest and resident birds: the problem of fragmentation within a coniferous forest landscape. Landscape Ecology 10: 267-275.
Erdelen, M. 1984. Bird communities and vegetation structure: I. Correlations and comparisons of simple and diversity indices. Oecologia 61: 277-284.
Fang, Y.J. 1996. The relationship between forest structure and bird community: a case study on the influence of the timber stand improvement program in mid-elevation area, northern Taiwan. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Furness, R.W. and J.J.D. Greenwood. (Eds.) 1993. Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change. First edition. Chapman & Hall, London, 356 pp.
Garcia, S., D.M. Finch and G.C. León. 1998. Patterns of forest use and endemism in resident bird communities of north-central Michoacán, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 110: 151-171.
Gergel, S.E., M.D. Dixon and M.G. Turner. 2002. Consequences of human-altered floods: levees, floods, and floodplain forests along the Wisconsin River. Ecological Applications 12: 1755-1770.
Gill, F.B. 1989. Ornithology. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA. 660 pp.
Hansen, A.J., W.C. McComb, R. Vega, M.G. Raphael and M. Hunter. 1995. Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west cascades of Oregon. Ecological Applications 5: 555-569.
Hartley, M.J. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 81-95.
Hawkins, C.P. and J.A. MacMahon. 1989. Guilds: the multiple meanings of a concept. Annual Review of Entomology 34: 423-451.
Hill, M.O. and H.G. Gauch, Jr. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47-58.
Hobson, K.A. and E. Bayne. 2000. The effects of stand age on avian communities in aspen-dominated forests of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 136: 121-134.
Holmes, R.T. and S.K. Robinson. 1981. Tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a northern hardwood forest. Oecologia 48: 31-35.
Holmes, R.T. and J.C. Schultz. 1986. Food availability for forest birds: effects of prey distribution and abundance on bird foraging. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:720-728.
Hsu, F.H. 2001. Census techniques for bird surveys. Endemic Species Research 3: 81-90. (In Chinese with English summary)
Hsu, H.C., P.F. Lee and C.E. Hsu. 1999. The relationship between bird communities and landscape in mid-elevation mountain area, mid Taiwan. p127-145, In: Huang, S. H., and S. H. Wu, editors. Proceedings of the 1st Bird Conference. Taipei, Wild Bird Federation Taiwan. (In Chinese)
Jaksić, F.M. 1981. Abuse and misuse of the term “guild” in ecological studies. Oikos 37: 397-400.
Jalonen, J. and I. Vanha-Majamaa. 2001. Immediate effects of four different felling methods on mature boreal spruce forest understorey vegetation in southern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 146: 25-34.
James, F.C., C.A. Hess and D. Kufrin. 1997. Species-centered environmental analysis: indirect effects of fire history on Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. Ecological Applications 7: 118-129.
Karr, J.R. and R.R. Roth. 1971. Vegetation structure and avian diversity in several new world areas. The American Naturalist 105: 423-435.
Kent, M. and P. Coker. 1992. Vegetation Description and Analysis. Belhaven Press, London. 363 pp.
Kilgo, J.C., R.A. Sargent, B.R. Chapman and K.V. Miller. 1998. Effect of stand width and adjacent habitat on breeding bird communities in bottomland hardwoods. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 72-83.
King, D.I. and R.M. DeGraaf. 2002. The effect of forest roads on the reproductive success of forest-dwelling passerine birds. Forest Science 48: 391-396.
Kirk, D.A., A.W. Diamond, K.A. Hobson and A.R. Smith. 1996. Breeding bird communities of the western and northern Canadian boreal forest: relationship to forest type. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1749-1770.
Krebs, C.J. 1998. Ecological methodology. Second edition. Addison Wesley Longman, California, USA. 620 pp.
Kwok, H.K. and R.T. Corlett. 2000. The bird communities of a natural secondary and a Lophostemon confertus plantation in Hong Kong, south China. Forest Ecology and Management 130: 227-234.
Lee, C.K. 1995. A comparison of bird communities between conifer plantation and natural broadleaved forest. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Lin, C.S. and F.W. Horng. 1991. The growth of Taiwania cryptomerioides at Lu-Kuei area. Bulletin of Taiwan Forestry Research 6: 229-248. (In Chinese)
Lin, W.C. 1961. The preliminary investigation of forest vegetation at the experimental site for Cinchona of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute in Liu-Kuei. Communication of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute 112-114 combined: 885-908.
Lu, H.Y., K.J. Tang, H.Y. Ku and H.H. Huang. 2000. Climate condition of forested lands of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 15: 429-440.
MacArthur, R.H. and J.W. MacArthur. 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42: 594-598.
MacFaden, S.W. and D.E. Capen. 2002. Avian habitat relationships at multiple scales in a New England forest. Forest Science 48: 243-253.
McCune, B. and M.J. Mefford. 1999. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, version 4. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA. 237 pp.
Mikusiński, G., M. Gromadzki and P. Chylarecki. 2001. Woodpeckers as indicators of forest bird diversity. Conservation Biology 15: 208-217.
Mitra, S.S. and F.H. Sheldon. 1993. Use of an exotic tree plantation by Bornean lowland forest birds. The Auk 110: 529-540.
Moorman, C.E. and D.C. Guynn, Jr. 2001. Effects of group-selection opening size on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland forest. Ecological Applications 11: 1680-1691.
Morrison, M.L., B.G. Marcot and R.W. Mannan. 1992. Wildlife-habitat relationship: concepts and applications. The University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, USA. 343 pp.
Pearman, P.B. 2002. The scale of community structure: habitat variation and avian guilds in tropical forest understory. Ecological Monographs 72: 19-39.
Pong, G.D. (Eds.) 1996. A Guide to Conservation Wildlife. Endemic Species Research Institute, Council of Agriculcure, Executive Yuan, R. O. C. 319 pp. (In Chinese)
Raman, T.R.S., G.S. Rawat and A.J.T. Johnsingh. 1998. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succession following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, North-east India. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 214-231.
Reynolds, R.T., J.M. Scott and R.A. Nussbaum. 1980. A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers. The Condor 82: 309-313.
Rodewald, A.D. and M.D. Abrams. 2002. Floristics and avian community structure: implications for regional changes in eastern forest composition. Forest science 48: 267-272.
Root, R.B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnatcataher. Ecological Monographs 37: 317-350.
Rotenberry, J.T. 1985. The role of habitat in avian community composition: physiognomy or floristics? Oecologia 67: 213-217.
Roth, R.R. 1976. Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology 57: 773-782.
SAS Institute, Inc. 1990. SAS/STAT user’s guide. Version 6, Fourth edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. Volume 1. 943 pp. Volume 2. 846 pp.
Schmiegelow, F.K.A., C.S. Machtans and S.J. Hannon. 1997. Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses. Ecology 78: 1914-1932.
Sekercioglu, C.H. 2002. Effects of forestry practices on vegetation structure and bird community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biological Conservation 107: 229-240.
Severinghaus, W.D. 1981. Guild theory development as a mechanism for assessing environmental-impact. Environmental Management 5: 187-190.
Showalter, C.R. and R.C. Whitmore. 2002. The effect of Gypsy Moth defoliation on cavity-nesting bird communities. Forest Science 48: 273-281.
Sibly, C.G. and B.L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Simberloff, D. and T. Dayan. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 115-143.
Simon, J.C., T.K. Pratt, K.E. Berlin, J.R. Kowalsky, S.G. Fancy and J.S. Hatfield. 2002. Temporal variation in bird counts within a Hawaiian rainforest. The Condor 104: 469-481.
Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: aA Biometrical Approach. Third edition. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, USA. 666 pp.
Stokland, J.N. 1997. Representativeness and efficiency of bird and insect conservation in Norwegian Boreal Forest Reserves. Conservation Biology 11: 101-111.
Su, H.J. 1985. Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (Ⅲ): a scheme of geographical climate regions. Quarter Journal of Chinese Forestry 18: 33-44.
Sun, Y.H. 1991. The non-breeding and breeding bird communities and habitat use in cypress (Chamaecyparis spp.) seres, Taiwan. Master’s Thesis. Humboldt State University, Humboldt.
Szaro, R.C. 1986. Guild management: an evaluation of avian guilds as a predictive tool. Environmental Management 10: 681-688.
Thompson, F.R., W.D. Dijak, T.G. Kulowiec and D.A. Hamilton. 1992. Breeding bird populations in Missouri Ozark forests with and without clearcutting. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 23-30.
Tsai, J.W. 2001. Effects of thinning on the bird community and Spinouscountry-rat (Niviventer coxingi) population in the China-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. Master’s Thesis. National Taiwan University, Taipei. (In Chinese with English summary)
Turner, J.C., J.A. Gerwin and R.A. Lancia. 2002. Influences of hardwood stand area and adjacency on breeding birds in an intensively managed pine landscape. Forest Science 48: 323-330.
Twedt, D.J., R.R. Wilson, J.L. Henne-Kerr and R.B. Hamilton. 1999. Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 123: 261-274.
Verner, J. 1984. The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environmental Management 8: 1-14.
Willson, M.F. 1974. Avian community organization and habitat structure. Ecology 55:1017-1029.
Willson, M.F. and T.A. Comet. 1996. Bird communities of northern forests: patterns of diversity and abundance. The Condor 98: 337-349.