摘要
本研究的目的在於研究白線斑蚊（Aedes albopictus）的幼蟲在超音波聲場照射下，成長過程中所出現的生理型態，以呈現出超音波生物效應的多樣性。自從超音波發展以來，至今超音波技術已經廣泛的應用在醫學與生物工程領域上，其中大多是利用高強度的照射聲場來照射細胞或生體組織，以達到細胞破壞或病變組織的消除。為了瞭解超音波生物效應對生體組織的結構狀態或生命發展過程中所造成的影響，本研究針對過去超音波生物效應所探討的方向，以多細胞生物－蚊子幼蟲為超音波照射的對象，希望能為超音波生物效應尋求另一個應用的方向。
本研究針對蚊子幼蟲的呼吸氣管，考慮其結構的特性，以Miller的圓柱形空孔振動理論為基礎，計算氣管的共振頻率，以為超音波的基本照射頻率。本論文分別建立位於共振頻率與非共振頻率的超音波照射聲場，在不同強度下，對幼蟲試體進行照射，同時設置無超音波照射的控制組，以進行結果的討論與比較。
經由計算，求得氣管的共振頻率理論值範圍在0.6∼1.5 MHz 之間。在經由超音波照射後，觀察到幼蟲的氣管有斷裂的現象；在培養過程中，除了有死亡發生，也發現幼蟲在進入蛹化階段時會出現蛹化畸形而死亡的情形。從結果分析上，得到幼蟲在共振頻率1 MHz的超音波照射下，死亡率、蛹化死亡率與生長延遲的比率都是最高的。此結果有助於在未來對於超音波生物效應的探討，與相關生物技術的研究。

Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to study the biological effects of larvae of Aedes albopictus induced by ultrasound exposure. Ultrasound is widely used in medical and biological techniques, most of them are cell killing or tumor eliminating by high-intensity ultrasound. In order to analyse the influences of ultrasound biological effects in vivo, the larvae of mosquito, in this research, were exposed to continuous-wave ultrasound.
Some preliminary observations were made with 0-day larvae. The oscillation of the trachea in larvae in response to the ultrasound radiation is simulated using Miller’s cylindrical-bubble activation theory. Dimensions of tubes in the respiratory system of larvae were measured by microscope. The resonant frequency of the tracheae were calculated, and its range is about 0.6∼1.5 MHz.
It was observed that the tracheae in 0-day larvae were ruptured by ultrasound exposure, and the larvae were dead in the duration of growth, some fourth instar larvae failed to mature into pupae. The maximum mosquito larvae mortality was with 1 MHz irradiation, and it’s in good agreement with the resonant frequency calculated in this paper.

目錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………...I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………..II
目錄……………………………………………………………………………III
表目錄…………………………………………………………………………VI
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………..VIII
第一章 前言……………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究主題………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 研究背景………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 研究目的……………………………………………………………….…9
1.4 蚊子簡介………………………………………………………………...10
1.4.1 昆蟲概述…………………………………………………………10
1.4.2 昆蟲的特性………………………………………………………10
1.4.3 蚊子……………………………………………………………12
1.5 章節說明………………………………………………………………...14
第二章 基本理論……………………………………………….…………18
2.1 波動方程式…………………………………………………………...18
2.1.1平面聲場波動方程式………………………….……………...21
2.1.2介質的粒子速度與粒子加速度………………………….….23
2.1.3超音波的強度與能量……………………………………………23
2.2 圓柱形氣泡的振動模式………………………………………………25
第三章 實驗方法與步驟……………………………………………………32
3.1 實驗目的………………………………………………………………...32
3.2 實驗方法………………………………………………………………...33
3.2.1 照射聲場…………………………………………………………33
3.2.2 實驗儀器…………………………………………………………36
3.2.3 蚊子氣管的量測…………………………………………………40
3.3 實驗步驟………………………………………………………………42
第四章 實驗結果與討論……………………………………………………64
4.1 超音波照射系統的評估………………………………………………...64
4.1.1照射試片內聲場強度分布量測…………………………………..64
4.1.2照射系統的強度設定……………………………………………..65
4.2 實驗參數設定…………………………………………………………...67
4.2.1 超音波照射系統的參數設定設定………………………………67
4.2.2 實驗環境設定……………………………………………………69
4.3 實驗結果統計記錄……………………………………………………...70
4.3.1 表格與圖形資料…………………………………………………70
4.4 結果與討論……………………………………………………………...76
4.4.1頻率與強度對幼蟲死亡率的關係………………………………..76
4.4.2頻率與強度對蛹化死亡率的關係………………………………..78
4.4.3頻率與強度對生長延遲的關係…………………………………..79
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………129
5.1 結論…………………………………………………………………….129
5.2 建議…………………………………………………………………….131
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………133

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