本研究於2008年2月22日至3月6日發生大型亞洲沙塵暴期間，於澎湖小門測站進行沙塵暴之密集採樣，特別於沙塵暴期間，以兩台雙粒徑分道採樣器(dichotomous sampler)每隔四小時進行一次懸浮微粒採樣，並分析其物理化學特徵，分析項目包括質量濃度、粒徑分佈、水溶性離子成份、金屬元素成份及碳成份，詳細探討沙塵暴的進程中，人為及自然源污染物之消長變化趨勢。研究結果發現，沙塵暴來臨前至來臨前24小時主要以細微粒為主，其化學成份主要以SO42-、NH4+、NO3-、Zn、Mn及OC等人為污染物增加為主；沙塵暴來臨時粗微粒大幅增加，其化學成份主要以Cl-、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Ca、Al、Mg及EC等地殼/海洋物質為主，沙塵暴來臨後，所有物種濃度均明顯降低，其中Cl-、Na+等海鹽物質之比重增加，顯示海水飛沫穩定之貢獻。
除沙塵懸浮微粒之物化特徵分析外，本研究亦以HYSPLIT MODEL繪製沙塵暴期間之逆軌跡圖(backward trajectory)，嘗試探討本次沙塵暴之發源地，由逆軌跡結果推論，本次沙塵暴源自內蒙古東區渾善達克沙地或科爾沁沙地的機率較高。
此外，本研究團隊於2005年9月期間，在內蒙古自治區之騰格里沙漠、毛烏素沙漠、渾善達克沙地、科爾沁沙地分別採得17個地表土壤樣本，將其攜回實驗室利用風力再懸浮法將沙塵重新懸浮於空氣中，並以雙粒徑分道採樣器採集懸浮微粒樣本。最後，本研究將澎湖所採集之沙塵樣本與再懸浮所採集之沙源地沙塵樣本，利用多接收器感應耦合電漿質譜儀(multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry，簡稱MC-ICP-MS)進行鍶同位素87Sr/86Sr比值特徵分析，初步建立大陸北方主要沙源地表土再懸浮沙塵之同位素特徵，並應用鄧氏多重全距檢定(Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, DMR)進行下風區域與沙塵源地懸浮微粒之同位素特徵相關性研究，研判本次沙塵暴源自東區渾善達克沙地或科爾沁沙地的機率最高，此結果與逆軌跡模式所繪製之傳輸路徑具有相當程度的一致性。

ABSTRACT
In this study, we conducted an intensive sampling of Asian dusts at Pescadores Islands for heavy Asian continental sandstorms (ACS) from February 22 to March 6, 2008. To investigate the succession of anthropogenic and natural pollutants for the ACS transportation, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were sampled by two dichotomous samplers once every four hours during the ACS periods, and furthermore analyzed their physicochemical properties, including mass concentrations, particle size distribution, water-soluble ionic species, carbonaceous contents, and metallic contents. Experimental results indicated that it was mainly fine particles (PM2.5) prior to the ACS, and the percentage of anthropogenic species (i.e., SO42-, NH4+, NO3-, Zn, Mn and OC) increased dramatically. However, it changed to coarse particles while the ACS overwhelming, and the percentage of crustal/marine species (i.e., Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ca, Al, Mg and EC) increased. After the ACS, the concentrations of all species decreased substantially. However, the percentage of Cl- and Na+ increased, suggesting that sea breeze has constant influences on local suspended particles.
In addition to the analysis of physicochemical properties of Asian dusts, this study applied a HYSPLIT MODEL to figure out the transportation routes and the source regions of the ACS. Backward trajectory analysis showed that the ACS was originated from the east portion of Inner Mongolia, namely the Onqin Daga Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land.
Moreover, seventeen soil samples were collected from the Tengger Desert, the Mu Us Desert, the Onqin Daga Sandy Land, and the Horqin Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia during the year of 2005. The soil samples were resuspended in a resuspension chamber and then collected by a dichotomous sampler. This study focused on PM2.5-10 particles that mainly influence the downwind regions, and then took the ACS samples and the resuspended soil samples to measure the Sr isotopic characteristics of 87Sr/86Sr ratios by a multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). To characterize the isotopic properties of resuspended dust particles from the ACS source regions in northern China, and to correlate Asian dusts at the downwind regions of ACS with the source regions by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMR). The DMR results showed that the ACS was probably originated from the east portion of Inner Mongolia, namely the Onqin Daga Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land, which concurred with the backward trajectory analysis.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………….. I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….. Ⅲ
目錄………………………………………………………….………. Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………………….………. IX

圖目錄……………………………………………………………….. XI

第一章 前言………………………………………………………… 1-1
1.1 研究背景……………………………………………….…. 1-1
1.2 研究目的……………………………………………….…. 1-2
1.3 研究架構與流程………………………………………….. 1-3
第二章 文獻回顧…………………………………………………… 2-1
2.1 懸浮微粒基本特性……………………………………….. 2-1
2.1.1 懸浮微粒來源及粒徑分佈………………………… 2-2
2.1.2 懸浮微粒形成機制………………………………… 2-6
2.1.3 懸浮微粒化學特性………………………………… 2-7
2.1.3.1 水溶性離子成份…………………………... 2-7
2.1.3.2 金屬元素成份……………………………... 2-9
2.1.3.3 碳成份……………………………………... 2-12
2.2 亞洲沙塵暴之特性……………………………………….. 2-13
2.2.1 沙塵暴定義及分類………………………………… 2-13
2.2.2 沙塵暴成因………………………………………… 2-15
2.2.3 沙塵暴影響範圍及危害…………………………… 2-18
2.3 沙塵暴傳輸現象………………………………………….. 2-21
2.3.1 沙塵暴之傳輸路徑………………………………… 2-22
2.3.2 沙塵暴傳輸過程之消長變化……………………… 2-26
2.4 亞洲沙塵之源解析……………………………………….. 2-29
2.4.1 源解析技術的發展與應用………………………… 2-29
2.4.2 沙源地表土物化指紋特徵………………………… 2-36
2.4.3 地球科學同位素示蹤技術………………………… 2-37
2.4.4 鍶同位素源解析的應用…………………………… 2-38
第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………… 3-1
3.1 澎湖地區懸浮微粒密集採樣規劃……………………….. 3-1
3.1.1 沙塵暴事件日背景描述…………………………… 3-1
3.1.2 密集採樣監測地點………………………………… 3-2
3.1.3 密集採樣監測時段………………………………… 3-4
3.1.4 懸浮微粒採樣方法………………………………… 3-4
3.1.4.1 高量採樣器………………………………... 3-4
3.1.4.2 雙粒徑分道採樣器………………………... 3-5
3.1.4.3 微孔均勻沉降衝擊器……………………... 3-8
3.2 內蒙古自治區沙源地採樣規劃………………………….. 3-11
3.2.1 沙源地表土採樣方法……………………………… 3-11
3.2.2 再懸浮沙塵採樣方法……………………………… 3-13
3.3 分析方法………………………………………………….. 3-13
3.3.1 質量濃度分析……………………………………… 3-13
3.3.2 水溶性離子成份分析……………………………… 3-14
3.3.3 金屬元素成份分析………………………………… 3-16
3.3.4 碳成份分析………………………………………… 3-17
3.3.5 同位素特徵分析…………………………………… 3-18
3.4 品保與品管……………………………………………….. 3-24
3.4.1 採樣方法之品保與品管…………………………… 3-24
3.4.1.1 採樣地點選擇……………………………... 3-24
3.4.1.2 濾紙選擇及調理…………………………... 3-24
3.4.1.3 採樣器流量校正…………………………... 3-24
3.4.1.4 採樣程序…………………………………... 3-26
3.4.1.5 採樣濾紙之攜帶與保存…………………... 3-26
3.4.2 分析方法之品保與品管…………………………… 3-27
3.4.2.1 質量濃度分析……………………………... 3-27
3.4.2.2 化學成份分析……………………………... 3-27
3.5 沙源地解析檢定方法…………………………………….. 3-31
3.5.1 逆軌跡分析…………………………………………...
3-31
3.5.2 DMR相關性檢定分析 ……………………………… 3-32
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………… 4-1
4.1 沙塵暴期間密集採樣懸浮微粒物理成份分析與探討….. 4-1
4.1.1 總懸浮微粒濃度日變化趨勢……………………… 4-1
4.1.2 懸浮微粒粒徑分佈日變化趨勢…………………… 4-2
4.1.3 沙塵暴期間粗細微粒濃度四小時變化趨勢……… 4-3
4.2 沙塵暴期間密集採樣懸浮微粒化學成份分析與探討….. 4-9
4.2.1 水溶性離子成份消長解析………………………… 4-9
4.2.2 金屬元素成份消長解析…………………………… 4-22
4.2.3 碳成份消長解析…………………………………… 4-33
4.2.4 化學成份綜合分析………………………………… 4-40
4.3 沙源地土壤樣本同位素特徵分析……………………….. 4-46
4.3.1 沙源地示蹤元素Sr與主要地殼元素Ca之探討….. 4-46
4.3.2 沙源地Sr同位素組成特徵探討…………………… 4-49
4.4 澎湖地區懸浮微粒樣本同位素特徵分析……………….. 4-52
4.4.1澎湖群島沙塵暴示蹤元素Sr與主要地殼元素Ca之探討………………………………………………. 4-52
4.4.2 澎湖群島沙塵暴Sr同位素特徵探討……………… 4-55
4.5 沙塵暴源解析…………………………………………….. 4-58
4.5.1 以逆軌跡模式判斷沙塵暴之來源及路徑………… 4-58
4.5.2 以Sr同位素特徵進行沙塵暴源解析……………… 4-69
第五章 結論與建議…………………………...……………………. 5-1
5.1結論………………………………………………………... 5-1
5.2建議………………………………………………………... 5-4
參考文獻……………………………………………………………..
R-1
附錄A 2008年亞洲沙塵暴期間澎湖群島質量濃度分..…………...
A-1
附錄B 2008年亞洲沙塵暴期間澎湖群島四小時水溶性離子..…...
B-1
附錄C XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX....……..
C-1
附錄D xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.……….. D-1

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