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論文名稱 Title |
進階多功能貼圖單元設計 Advanced Multi-Function Texture Unit Design |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
81 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2011-07-28 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2011-09-05 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
色調映射、高動態範圍、三維繪圖、二維繪圖、貼圖單元、材質過濾 2D Graphics, 3D Graphics, Texture Filter, Texture Unit, Tone Mapping, High Dynamic Range |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5643 次,被下載 1265 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5643 times, has been downloaded 1265 times. |
中文摘要 |
隨著嵌入式繪圖應用的需求日益增長,如何提供一個有效的繪圖硬體加速設計越來越受到重視。眾所周知的,電腦圖學包含兩個重要的領域:二維(2D)與三維(3D)繪圖。每個領域皆擁有大量的應用,所以一般通用的嵌入式系統,都會支援上述兩種繪圖方式。本論文提出一種進階貼圖單元架構,可提供各種用於3D貼圖之過濾功能,其中包含三重線性過濾與異向性過濾等,還有用於2D的著色與貼圖等功能。本文提出之設計包含一個核心計算單元,以及一組資料暫存器。將實現各功能之方程式分解為一系列的基本算術運算,如乘加計算與乘法計算等,再交由核心計算單元負責執行。透過方程式計算可求得每像素之資訊,過程中可能需要一些事先計算好的參數值,這些參數則交由貼圖單元外部之微控制器負責計算。貼圖單元內建一控制表,透過有限狀態機序列的執行,控制貼圖單元完成方程式之計算。透過更新序列,可以改變本貼圖單元執行之功能。本文設計之貼圖單元的邏輯閘總數為28.36k。除了各種貼圖功能,本論文還提出一種實現高動態範圍(HDR)的貼圖功能。高動態範圍貼圖可根據環境的整體亮度,提供各種顏色的細節資訊。因此,三維渲染系統必須包含色調映射機制,將HDR影像映射至一般顯示系統可支援的標準顏色範圍內。為了減少色調映射的總執行時間,本論文使用一個額外的累加器,置於像素渲染管線層級中,在每像素通過深度比較後,累加求得整體亮度值。在全部像素通過此管線層級後,渲染後之每像素結果,將取得符合標準動態範圍顏色資訊的新映射值。為了實現高動態範圍貼圖,本文之硬體設計增加6.98k的邏輯閘個數。 |
Abstract |
With the growing demand of embedded graphics applications, how to provide an efficient graphics hardware acceleration solution has drawn much attention. It is well known that computer graphics contains two major domains: two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphics. Each domain owns large amounts of applications, such that general embedded platforms will require both graphics acceleration supports. This thesis proposes an advanced texture unit architecture which can provide various 3D texture filtering functions including trilinear, anistrophics filtering etc , and 2D coloring, painting, and texturing functions. Our proposed design consists of a core computation unit, and a set of data registers. The equations for those supported functions are decomposed into a series of basic arithmetic operations such as multiply-add-accumulation, multiply, etc executed by the core computation unit. To evaluate those equations for each pixel may require some pre-computed parameters which will be computed outside our unit in advance by the system’s micro-controller. The equations can be computed by our texture unit based on the selected finite-state machine sequences which is stored in the on-chip control table. By updating those sequences can change the functionality provided by our chip. The overall cost of the proposed unit is about 28.36k gates. In addition to various texturing functions, this thesis also proposes an implementation of texture function for high-dynamic range (HDR) textures. HDR textures can provide various color details according to the frame’s global illumination environment. Therefore, the 3D rendering system has to incorporate a tone-mapping mechanism to map the HDR image into normal color range of output display system. To reduce the overall tone-mapping implementation cost, this thesis uses an extra accumulator between the standard per-fragment rendering pipeline stages to accumulate the global illumination intensity based on the depth comparison result of the incoming pixel. After all of the pixels have passed through the pipeline stages, every pixel of the stored rendering result will be fetched into a mapping unit which will generate its mapping color in the normal dynamic range. The overall cost of the additional hardware for the realization of HDR textures is about 6.98k gates. |
目次 Table of Contents |
第一章 概論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 論文大綱 2 第二章 研究背景與相關研究 3 2.1 電腦圖學介紹 3 2.2 貼圖介紹 6 2.2.1 材質過濾 7 2.2.1.1 MIP-map 7 2.2.1.2 點取樣 8 2.2.1.3 雙線性內插 9 2.2.1.4 三重線性內插 11 2.2.1.5 異向性內插 13 2.3 向量圖形介紹 15 2.3.1 座標系統 15 2.3.2 著色 18 2.3.3 向量圖形之貼圖功能 20 2.3.4 顏色重組 21 2.4 高動態範圍介紹 22 2.4.1 色調映射 22 2.4.2 Gamma校正 24 2.4.3 顏色編碼格式轉換 24 2.4.4 色調映射演算法 25 第三章 各功能之演算法設計 27 3.1 運算核心設計 27 3.2 OpenGL 材質過濾 28 3.2.1 雙線性過濾 29 3.2.2 三重線性過濾 29 3.2.3 異向性過濾 30 3.3 OpenVG 像素層級運算 31 3.3.1 座標轉換系統 31 3.3.2 線性漸層 31 3.3.3 放射漸層 33 3.3.4 貼圖 35 3.3.5 顏色重組 36 3.3.6 線性漸層 (投射轉換) 37 3.3.7 貼圖 (投射轉換) 39 第四章 進階多功能貼圖單元設計 40 4.1 貼圖單元設計 40 4.2 運算核心架構 42 4.3 資料儲存規範 45 4.4 有限狀態機設計 47 4.5 資料控制設計 51 第五章 色調映射硬體設計 53 5.1 色調映射演算法設計 53 5.2 亮度累加設計 54 5.3 色調映射架構設計 56 第六章 實驗結果 58 6.1 驗證環境 58 6.2 模擬結果 58 6.2.1 多功能貼圖單元模擬結果 58 6.2.2 色調映射之模擬結果 62 6.3 各功能之運算時間 63 6.4 進階多功能貼圖單元之合成數據 64 第七章 結論與未來目標 65 7.1 結論 65 7.2 未來目標 65 參考文獻 66 |
參考文獻 References |
[1] http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/version2.0/glspec20.pdf [2] http://www.khronos.org/developers/library [3] http://www.khronos.org/registry/vg/specs/openvg-1.1.pdf [4] C.-T. Chiu, T.-H. Wang and W.-M. Ke, “Design Optimization of A Global/Local Tone Mapping Processor on ARM SOC Platform for Real-Time High Dynamic Range Video,” in Proc. IEEE International Conf. on Image Processing, ICIP ‘08, 12-15 Oct. 2008, pp. 1400-1403. [5] G. Ward and Anyhere Software, “High Dynamic Range Image Encodings,” in Proc. SIGGRAPH 2004 Course 13, Aug. 2004, pp. 8-32. [6] L.Williams, “Pramidal Parametrics,” in Proc. Computer Graphics, vol. 17, no. 3, Jul. 1983, pp. 1-11. [7] http://hotball.webhop.net/ [8] J.-H. Park, K.-Y. Lee and J.-C. Kwak, “A Design on OpenVG 2D Vector Graphics Accelerator for a Mobile Device,” in Proc. The 23rd International Technical Conf. on Circuits/Systems, Computer and Communications, ITC-CSCC’08, Japan, Jul. 2008, pp. 229-232. [9]M. Robart, “OpenVG Paint Subsystem over OpenGL ES Shaders,” in Proc. Digest of Technical Paper International Conf. on Consumer Electronics, ICCE ‘09, Las Vegas, USA, 10-14 Jan. 2009, pp. 1-2. [10]A. Oh, H. Sung and H. Lee, “Implementation of OpenVG 1.0 using OpenVG ES,” in Proc. 9th international conf. on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and sercices, vol. 309, Singapore, 2007, pp. 326-328. [11] S.-Y. Lee and B.-U. Choi, “Vector Graphics Reference Implementation for Embedded System,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4761, pp.243-252 , 2007. [12] K. Cha, D. Kim and S.-I. Chae, “An Optimized Rendering Algorithm for Hardware Implementation of OpenVG 2D Vector Graphics,” in Proc. International SoC Design Conf., ISOCC’08, vol. 1, Busan, Korea, Nov. 2008, pp. 339-341. [13]D. Kim, K. Cha and S.-I. Chae, “A High-Performance OpenVG Accelerator with Dual-Scanline Filling Rendering,” IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1303-1311, Aug. 2008. [14]http://163.17.20.188/AEIT2008/manager/intraspeech/file/file_12.pdf [15]T.-H. Wang, W.-S. Wong and F.-C. Chen, “Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Global Tone Mapping Prosessor for high Dynamic Range Video,” in Proc. IEEE International Conf. on Image Processing, ICIP ‘07, vol. 6, 16-19 Oct. 2007, pp. 207-212. |
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