本研究針對南部某石化廠之污染場址 (污染物種以烷基苯為主，包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、三甲基苯及萘) 利用詳盡之場址評估程序以決定最佳化污染整治作業。場址評估時使用直接貫入法以不擾動方式進行土壤採樣，並將自行研發的固相微萃取技術及各種檢測設備運用於污染物物種檢測。現地共設置20口監測井、6口氣體監測點、3座多深度監測井、氣體注入井與土壤氣體抽除井一組。首先利用氦氣示蹤實驗、微水實驗、汲油實驗、及實驗室與小範圍規模施作測試，解析現地地質、水文、評估增加生物活性及自由相回收之可行性。場址評估結果及參數用於實際場址整治工法選擇與設計時之參考。實場之整治作業，對於自由相污染物之回收及下游區地下水污染整治，設計組合式現地處理技術。研究結果顯示圍堵污染源的控制機制能有效阻止污染團的擴大，對作業現場的干擾最少。地下水中之溶解態污染物的移除則藉由空氣注入及土壤氣體抽除系統執行，135天的作業期間污染物之去除率達87%以上，除苯的濃度值未能符合法規外 (320 µg/L)，其餘化合物皆已達到整治標準。對於未能符合地下水管制標準的致癌物質-苯，則依據風險基準矯正行動之標準指引程序進行健康風險評估，利用場址參數及暴露模式推估受體之風險值，並回推風險基準篩選濃度苯的整治目標值，結果顯示在實場中長期暴露或終生暴露的致癌機率並不會比一般人高，風險值低於百萬分之一的(9.0E-07)，地下水中苯的風險基準篩選濃度值為0.660 mg/L。污染團進一步藉由BIOPLUME III模式模擬，推估結果顯示污染團在自然衰減機制下呈現逐年縮減。綜合以上研究結果可知，對受石油碳氫化合物污染場址，可由場址評估所得之地質水文及污染相關參數擬定適當之環境管理策略，並藉由現地處理技術的組合加以整治。

This study presents detailed procedures for site assessment, remedial system design, and optimization of the remedial action operation (RAO) for the petroleum-hydrocarbons contaminated sites. In this work, a petroleum-hydrocarbons contaminated site located in southern Taiwan was selected. Contaminants of concerns (CoCs) from leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) and associated piping included mono-aromatics (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylenes), naphthalene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The direct push (DP) technology was adopted for soil gas and soil samples collection. CoCs in the affected subsurface soils and the aquifers were determined by solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and several other analytic instruments. Site investigation via various tests was conducted to evaluate the geology, hydrogeology, bioactivity and free product availability. Based on results of specific site characterization, successful hydraulic containment and substantial recovery of observed free-phase petroleum product were achieved. During the process of field-scale remediation, a test cell which was equipped with a subset of monitoring points and numerous different function active wells (injection well, extraction well, monitoring well, soil gas monitoring probe, reference well and recovery well) was used for remedial system evaluation. A treatment train consisting of the source control treatment and in situ groundwater treatment technology was employed in this study. The former included a vertical containment barrier (i.e., slurry wall) and three pumping wells, whereas the latter included some passive remedial activities. Approximately 87% to 95% decline of the CoCs concentration was observed in those monitor wells after 135 days of operation. Results show that the spilled light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) could be efficiently contained and removed using the treatment train system. The treatment train application could be successfully used to reduce the concentrations of CoCs in groundwater to satisfactory levels. Benzene was found to be the only compound in groundwater violating the groundwater pollution control standard. The risk assessment process including hazard identification and exposure assessment was conducted to assess the risk impact of benzene on the human health. Using the methodology approved by ASTM and American Petroleum Institute (API), the baseline carcinogenic risk (9.0E-07) and risk-based groundwater screening level for benzene (0.660 mg/L) were determined. The BIOPLUME III model was also applied to simulate the transport and fate of benzene in site groundwater. Results from this study indicate that site assessment coupled with the treatment train could be used to reduce the concentrations of CoCs in groundwater and soil to satisfactory levels efficiently and effectively.

第一章 緒論
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 3
1.3研究項目與架構 4
第二章 研究背景
2.1石油碳氫化合物 7
2.1.1工商民生使用、生產及儲製之狀態 7
2.1.2石油碳氫化合物對環境之風險潛勢 11
2.2土壤及地下水污染之法規演繹 12
2.3相關污染處理機制 14


頁次
第三章 研究方法、實驗設計與設備
3.1場址評估之程序 20
3.1.1場址調查 20
3.1.2場址特性調查之土壤取樣計畫及分析程序 22
3.1.3場址特性調查之地下水水文及水質解析 26
3.2實驗設備及偵測技術 35
3.2.1實驗設備及試劑 35
3.2.2固、氣、液相污染團之偵測技術及方法 45
3.3石油碳氫化合物特性的相關資料蒐集 48
3.4 污染潛勢評估 50
3.5實驗室規模及現地小範圍之整治可行性研究 52
3.5.1實驗室規模實驗方式 52
3.5.2現地小範圍實驗設計 54
3.6現地組合式處理技術研究 55
3.6.1浮油回收技術之作業策略 55
3.6.1.1浮油回收方式與設備 56
3.6.1.2浮油回收機制構工 63
3.6.1.3汲油實驗 66
3.6.2空氣注入及土壤氣體抽除的作業策略 69
3.6.2.1空氣注入及土壤氣體抽除技術發展與設計 70
頁次
3.6.2.2示蹤劑施放測試 77
3.7健康風險評估與污染整治決策
3.7.1健康風險評估與環境管理 80
3.7.2風險基準矯正行動準則發展 82
3.7.3健康風險評估流程 86
3.7.4暴露場景描述及建立概念模場 92
第四章 結果與討論
4.1建立關連性資料庫 95
4.2場址評估結果與討論 .105
4.2.1場址評估之初步調查結果 105
4.2.2固相微萃取運用於污染團偵檢技術之研發 107
4.2.3場址評估之污染物種鑑定結果 120
4.3場址評估之特性調查與詳細調查結果 .125
4.3.1地下水水文及水質參數 125
4.3.2土壤相關參數及土壤特性 133
4.4污染團在土壤及自然水體的污染潛勢 .141
4.5實驗室規模及現地小範圍試驗結果 .146
4.5.1實驗室批次試驗結果與討論 146
4.5.2現地小範圍施放試驗結果與討論 155
4.6組合式現地處理技術實驗結果 164
頁次
4.6.1截流整治牆及垂直向浮油回收工程機制績效 164
4.6.2空氣注入及土壤氣體抽除系統作業之地下水
監測結果 171
4.6.3空氣注入及土壤氣體抽除結果與討論 185
4.6.4土壤氣體檢測與示蹤劑評估推估之影響範圍 197
4.7人體健康風險觀點的暴露場景建立及風險度判定 .203
4.7.1污染源、曝露途徑、受體及場址參數
建立與修正 203
4.7.2場址風險度判定與風險特性描述 207
4.8污染團傳輸模擬與變化趨勢預測 ..214
第五章 結論與建議 .219
參考文獻 .229
【附錄】 .246

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