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博碩士論文 etd-0907104-175835 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0907104-175835
論文名稱
Title
利用奈米級TiO2薄膜光催化處理氯苯水溶液之研究
A Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aqueous Chlorobenzene Solution by Nanostructured Film of TiO2
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
109
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2004-07-28
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2004-09-07
關鍵字
Keywords
二氧化鈦、氯苯、外加電壓、反應動力、薄膜式光觸媒
Thin film photocatalyst, Kinetics, Applied electric voltage, TiO2, Chlorobenzene
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5622 times, has been downloaded 28 times.
中文摘要
本研究利用薄膜式奈米級TiO2光觸媒材料,針對氯苯水溶液進行異相光催化反應並探討其處理效率。傳統上,光觸媒材料的使用大多以粉末型態為主,即所謂的懸浮式處理系統。雖然粉末材料之高比表面積特性對於異相光催化反應具有良好的優勢條件,但其反應後之水質仍有懸浮固體物的問題等待解決,況且懸浮式的光觸媒材料亦會對紫外光造成遮光效應,影響光催化降解污染物的效率。為了克服此問題,本研究乃選擇一適當網目之不鏽鋼網做為基材,應用溶膠-凝膠法製備TiO2光觸媒,並以浸鍍方式將其均勻附著於基材表面,再經500℃高溫煅燒製成薄膜式TiO2光觸媒材料。製成之TiO2薄膜經X-光繞射(XRD)及掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)鑑定,證實其晶型為銳鈦礦,粒徑為10 ~ 20 nm;TiO2薄膜之光催化能力則選擇氯苯水溶液作為研究對象,進行薄膜式光催化反應試驗。試驗中探討TiO2鍍膜厚度、反應初始pH值、紫外光(波長365 nm)強度及外加電壓等不同變因,對薄膜式光催化反應降解水中污染物的可行性及其效率。研究結果顯示,薄膜式光催化反應可分解氯苯水溶液,唯其降解效率之提高有待進一步研究與探討。然而氯苯之降解率隨TiO2鍍膜厚度之增加而有增加之趨勢,其中,以浸鍍及煅燒四次膜厚(673 nm)之降解率最佳。另外,氯苯之降解率,隨紫外光強度之增加而增加。反應液pH值之影響方面,由於氯苯為非解離型化合物,pH值之改變不會影響氯苯在觸媒表面之吸附性質,對其光催化反應之影響並不顯著。另在本反應系統中發現,外加電壓不能有效阻止電子與電洞發生再結合反應,對光催化反應反而造成抑制作用。最後,本研究以擬一階反應動力模式推估結果得知,光催化反應速率常數k ' =1.3×10-5(min-1),並且其反應速率與紫外光光強度的0.7507次方成正比。
Abstract
In This study a thin film of nanometric TiO2 was sol-gel prepared and used for heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction to treat chlorobenzene in testing solution and to evaluate its removal efficiency. Conventionally, the material of photocatalyst was mainly fabricated in form of powder used in the suspension system. Although TiO2 powder has a high specific surface area for heterogeneous photocatalysis, it still leaves a great number of suspended solids in solution awaiting proper handling after the treatment is completed. Also, such suspended solids would pose “shielding” effect from UV light, and thus affected the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation. To overcome this drawback, a proper mesh size of stainless steel webnet was first selected as a treatment substrate and TiO2 dip-coated, followed by calcination at 500℃. The end product was used as the TiO2 photocatalytic film for this study. The film of TiO2, verified as anatase type of crystal lattice by XRD and SEM, contained particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. A solution containing chlorobenzene was used in the study to assess the extent of photocatalytic degradation by UV/TiO2 film. The test was to evaluate the effects of the number of dip-coating and calcining (thickness), initial pH, UV light intensity (@365 nm), and applied electric voltage on photocatalytic removal of chlorobenzene in the solution. The test results indicated that TiO2 film was capable of degrading chlorobenzene; however, enhancement of the degradation efficiency was found to be needed. It was also found that the degradation rate of chlorobezene increased with an increasing thickness of the film and UV light intensity. The pH of test solution was found to be insensitive to degradation of chlorobenzene, probably due to its non-dissociation nature. It was found that electric voltage exerted was unable to prevent electrons and holes from re-combining, and a negative effect of external voltage was even observed. Therefore, it was believed that voltage exertion was not beneficial to phtocatalysis in this study. Kinetics of the tests in this study assumed a pseudo-first-order reaction, which resulted in a rate constant k' = 1.3×10-5(min-1). The reaction rate was found to be proportional to the 0.7507 order of UV light intensity.
目次 Table of Contents
目錄誌謝……………………………………………………….……………..……..i 摘要……………………………….…………………….……………....……. .iiAbstract………………………………………………………….………........ iii目錄……………………………………………………………..……….....…iv 圖目錄……………………………………………………………………….. .x 表目錄………………………………………………………………..……….xii第一章緒論…………………………………………… ……………..……...1 1-1 前言……………………………………………………………..………...1 1-2 研究動機………………………………………………………….……...2 1-3 研究內容………………………………...……………………….………4 1-4 研究架構…………………………………………………………….…...5 第二章理論基礎與文獻回顧…………………………….…………….…...6 2-1 光催化作用原理…………………………………………….…………...6 2-1-1 光的性質………………………………………………….……8 2-1-2 光化學反應…………………………………………….……...9 2-1-3 光觸煤材料……………………………………………..…….11
iv
2-2 紫外光/二氧化鈦處理程序……………………………………..……...12 2-2-1二氧化鈦物理性質…………………………………..………12 2-2-2二氧化鈦半導體的特性……….…………………..………..15 2-2-3二氧化鈦之光催化原理………………………….……….…19 2-2-4二氧化鈦照光分解有機物之機制………………………….20 2-3 TiO2光催化反應之影響因子…………………………………..…….…25 2-3-1二氧化鈦物化性質……………………………………..….….252-3-2二氧化鈦劑量………………………………………..….…….252-3-3紫外光波長與光強度………………………..…..….…….….26 2-3-4初始濃度……………………………………..………….…….27 2-3-5 pH值………………………………………….…………...…..28 2-3-6溶氧………………………………………………….…….…..28 2-3-7陰離子種類……………………………………….……….….29 2-3-8 H2O2添加……………………………………………………..29
v
2-3-9温度………………………..…………………………………..30 2-4 二氧化鈦之製備………………………………….……………..….30 2-4-1溶膠-凝膠法…………………………………………..……..30 2-4-2化學蒸氣沈積法…………………………………….………34 2-4-3液相沈積法…………………………………..…………..….34 2-5 氯苯概述……………………………………………..………………....35 2-5-1氯苯之基本性質…………………………………..………..…....35 2-5-2用途及來源……………………………………………………....36 2-5-3氯苯的污染情形……………………………...………..………...37 2-5-4氯苯對人體的危害與管制………….………………………..….37 2-5-5含氯苯廢水之處理技術…………………..……………..………40 第三章實驗材料與方法…………………………….………………...…....43 3-1 實驗材料………………………………………………………………..43 3-1-1藥品與試劑…………………………………………………..……43 3-1-2反應系統………………………………………………………..…43 3-1-3薄膜製備設備……………………………………..………………46 3-1-4分析儀器………………………………………………..…...…….46
vi
3-1-5其他設備………………………………………………..…………47 3-2 實驗程序…………………………………………………………...…...47 3-2-1薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒製備.…...….……………..…….47 3-2-2不鏽鋼網基材之網目選擇…………………..………………..…..50 3-2-3薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒基本性質分析…………………..50 (a)TiO2薄膜晶型鑑定-XRD……………………………..………50 (b)TiO2薄膜表面型態及粒徑分析-SEM………………..………51 (c)薄膜厚度分析-重量法……………………………………...…51 3-2-4氯苯濃度分析方法………………………………………………..52 3-2-5薄膜式光催化氯苯之背景試驗………………………….……….53 (a)直接光解試驗………………………………………….…..….53 (b)反應升溫之揮發試驗……………………………………...….53 (c)外加電壓之電解試驗…………………………………...…….54 3-2-6不同變因操作下對薄膜式光催化反應之影響….………..….…54 (a)鍍膜次數效應……………………………………..……….….54 (b)初始pH值效應…………………..………….………...……..55 (c)UV光強度效應……….………….…………..…...…...… …..55
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(d)外加電壓效應……………..……………………..…….……..56 第四章結果與討論………………………………………………..……….58 4-1 薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒…………………..………………...…58 4-1-1不鏽鋼網基材之網目篩選….…………..………………....…58 4-1-2薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒基本性質分析………….…..61 (a)TiO2薄膜晶型鑑定-XRD……….………….…..………...…..61 (b)TiO2薄膜表面型態及粒徑分析-SEM…………….…….…...63 (c)薄膜厚度分析-重量法………………………………….…….67 4-2 薄膜式光催化反應………………………………………………….….70 4-2-1氯苯濃度分析……………………………………………….…...70 4-2-2薄膜式光催化氯苯之背景試驗……………………………..…..72 4-2-3不同操作變因下對薄膜式光催化反應之影響…………….…..73 (a)鍍膜次數效應…………………………………...…………..73 (b)pH值效應………………………………………………..….76 (c)UV光強度效應………………………………………..…….79 (d)外加電壓效應…………………………………….…………83 4-3 反應動力學探討…………………………………………………..……86
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4-4 薄膜式與懸浮式光催化效率比較………………………..…….….914-4-1一般性光催化效率比較………………….………….……...93 4-4-2單位觸媒表面積之處理效率比較……………………….……...93 4-4-3綜合比較…………………………………………………...…….96 第五章結論與建議………………………………………………….….…..97 5-1 結論…………………………………………………………..…..….…..97 5-2 建議………………………………………………………..………….…98 參考文獻………………………………………………………..….……….100
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圖目錄
圖1-1薄膜式光催化氯苯水溶液研究架構………………..………...…….5 圖2-1光催化反應之能階變化示意圖……………………………......8 圖2-2二氧化鈦金紅石之晶型結構圖……………………………………14 圖2-3二氧化鈦銳鈦礦之晶型結構圖………………………..………..…14 圖2-4二氧化鈦的能量圖與其他氧化劑的氧化電位…………..…..……15 圖2-5代表性半導體能隙圖………………….…………………..….……17 圖2-6紫外光/二氧化鈦反應機制圖…………….…………..….……22 圖3-1光催化反應系統之構造圖……………………………..……..……45 圖3-2薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒製備流程圖…………..…….….…..49 圖4-1 TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒鍍膜之質量變化圖………….…......….60 圖4-2 TiO2/不鏽鋼網鍍膜之X光繞射分析與比對結果……..….…62 圖4-3薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒斷面之SEM觀察結果…….…64 圖4-4薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒表面之SEM觀察結果…….....65圖4-5薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒之SEM粒徑觀察結果……….66 圖4-6依反應器所設計之不鏽鋼網基材尺寸………………………..68圖4-7氯苯水溶液之紫外光(200~400 nm)掃瞄圖…….………….71圖4-8氯苯濃度檢量線圖………………………………….……….….71
x
圖4-9背景試驗中氯苯之降解率變化圖………..…………………...73 圖4-10不同TiO2鍍膜次數之氯苯光催化反應分解情形….……....75 圖4-11光催化反應中不同TiO2鍍膜次數之氯苯降解率…………..76圖4-12不同初始pH值對氯苯光催化反應之分解情形….……......78 圖4-13不同初始pH值於光催化反應之氯苯降解率….….………..78 圖4-14 TiO2粉末於水溶液中之界達電位量測結果….…….…….…79圖4-15單支紫外光燈管光強度隨時間的衰減情形..…….…………81 圖4-16紫外光光強度與紫外光光燈管數關係圖……….…….….…82 圖4-17不同紫外光光強度操作對氯苯光催化反應之分解情形…..82 圖4-18不同紫外光光強度操作對光催化氯苯之降解率變化圖…..83 圖4-19不同外加電壓操作對光催化氯苯之濃度變化…………...…85 圖4-20不同外加電壓操作對光催化氯苯之降解率…………………85圖4-21不同紫外光光強度操作對氯苯光催化反應之ln(-ln(
C/ C0)與ln(I)作圖………………………………….…...…90
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表目錄
表1-1光觸媒的應用範疇…………………………………..…….……3 表2-1金紅石型與銳鈦礦型TiO2之比較…………………….….…….…13 表2-2常見半導體激發所需之臨界波長………………………..…….…18 表2-3不同化學物質之氧化電位…………………………….……....24 表2-4光催化反應研究中之TiO2最佳使用劑量…………………...26 表2-5氯苯之物理化學性質與危害……………………….……..…..36表2-6氯苯對於人體之健康危害效應…………..………..……..…...39表2-7氯苯對於人體之健康危害資料…………………………….….40表3-1不同變因對薄膜式光催化氯苯試驗操作條件表…….…..….57表4-1不鏽鋼網規格及試驗條件………………………….……..…..59 表4-2 TiO2薄膜厚度分析結果………………………….………....…68表4-3薄膜式TiO2/不鏽鋼網光觸媒基本性質分析結果..……........69表4-4背景試驗之反應條件…………………………………………..72表4-5不同外加電壓操作之光催化試驗條件…………………...….84 表4-6薄膜式與懸浮式TiO2光催化氯苯反應之比較………….….92 表4-7以單位觸媒表面積比較薄膜式與懸浮式之光催化效率…...95 表4-8薄膜式與懸浮式光反應器優缺點綜合比較.……………….…96
xii
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