本研究主要針對五種軟珊瑚Sinularia lochmodes、Sinularia nanolobata、Sinularia grandilobata、Sinularia depressa 與Lobophytum crassum 的有機萃取物中尋找具有生物活性的有機化合物。從五種軟珊瑚中共獲得十八個天然化合物1－18，其中從軟珊瑚S. lochmodes中分離出七個新的化合物lochmolins A－G (1－7)。從軟珊瑚S.nanolobata 中分離出一個新骨架的化合物nanolobatolide (8)。從軟珊瑚S. grandilobata 中分離出二個新的化合物grandilobatin G (9)與sinugrandisterol E (10)。從軟珊瑚S. depressa 中分離出一個新的化合物depressoloide A (11)與一個已知的化合物sarcophytol L (12)。從軟珊瑚L. crassum 中分離出三個新的化合物crassumolides G－I (13－15)及三個已知的化合物durmolides B 和C (16 和17)與sinularolide C(18)。所有化合物的化學構造均由光譜數據分析(IR, MS, 1D, 2D NMR)和比對文獻上已知化合物的光譜資料而決定。化合物8 並經由X-ray晶體繞射來證明其化合物之結構。
其中化合物13－15 和17－18 對於濃度在10 μM下可以有效抑制發炎蛋白質iNOS 與COX-2 的表現。

In order to search for bioactive compounds, we have studied the chemical constituents from the organic extracts of five soft corals including Sinularia lochmodes, Sinularia nanolobata, Sinularia grandilobata, Sinularia depressa and Lobophytum crassum. This study had led to the isolation of eighteen natural compounds 1－18, including seven new compounds, lochmolins A － G (1 － 7) from S. lochmodes, a new compound nanolobatolide (8) featuring with a new carbon skeleton from S. nanolobata, two new compounds grandilobatin G (9) and sinugrandisterol E (10) from S. grandilobata, a new compound depressoloide A (11) and a known compound sarcophytol L (12) from S.depressa, and three new compounds crassumolides G－I (13－15) along with three known compounds durmolides B and C (16 and 17) and
sinularolide C (18) from L. crassum. The structures of compounds 1－18 were established by detailed spectral data analysis (IR, MS, 1D & 2D NMR) and by comparison with the spectral data of the related known compounds. The relative stereochemistries of compound 8 was further confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis.
Among them, compounds 13－15 and 16－17 were found to show significant activity against the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins at 10 μM.

目 錄 頁 次
中文摘要 Χ
英文摘要 ΧΙ
化合物1－ 18 化學構造 ΧΙΙ
壹、緒論 1
一、研究背景及目的 1
二、天然物文獻回顧 3
第一節、Lobophytum 屬所含天然物的文獻回顧 3
第二節、Sinularia 屬所含天然物的文獻回顧 25
貳、生物材料與研究方法 58
一、研究流程 58
二、Sinularia lochmodes 物種的採集及分類地位 59
三、S. lochmodes 軟珊瑚的分離流程 60
四、Sinularia nanolobata 物種的採集及分類地位 62
五、S. nanolobata 軟珊瑚的分離流程 63
六、Sinularia grandilobata 物種的採集及分類地位 65
七、S. grandilobata 軟珊瑚的分離流程 66
八、Sinularia depressa 物種的採集及分類地位 68
九、S. depressa 軟珊瑚的分離流程 69
十、Lobophytum crassum 物種的採集及分類地位 71
十一、L. crassum 軟珊瑚的分離流程 72
十二、實驗器材與溶劑 74
參、實驗結果與化學構造解析 76
一、軟珊瑚S. lochmodes 分離之化合物 76
(一)、Lochmolin A (1) 化學構造之解析 77
(二)、Lochmolin B (2) 化學構造之解析 86
(三)、Lochmolin C (3) 化學構造之解析 95
(四)、Lochmolin D (4) 化學構造之解析 104
(五)、Lochmolin E (5) 化學構造之解析 113
(六)、Lochmolin F (6) 化學構造之解析 122
(七)、Lochmolin G (7) 化學構造之解析 131
二、軟珊瑚S. nanolobata 分離之化合物 140
(八)、Nanolobatolide (8) 化學構造之解析 141
三、軟珊瑚S. grandilobata 分離之化合物 150
(九)、Grandilobatin G (9) 化學構造之解析 151
(十)、Sinugrandisterol E (10) 化學構造之解析 160
四、軟珊瑚S. depress 分離之化合物 169
(十一)、Depressolide A (11) 化學構造之解析 170
(十二)、Sarcophytol L (12) 化學構造之解析 179
五、軟珊瑚L. crassum 分離之化合物 183
(十三)、Crassumolide G (13) 化學構造之解析 184
(十四)、Crassumolide H (14) 化學構造之解析 193
(十五)、Crassumolide I (15) 化學構造之解析 202
(十六)、Durumolide B (16) 化學構造之解析 211
(十七)、Durumolide C (17) 化學構造之解析 215
(十八)、Sinularolide C (18) 化學構造之解析 219
肆、生物活性試驗 223
一、生物活性試驗 223
(一)、抗發炎活性試驗 223
二、生物活性試驗結果 224
(一)、抗發炎活性試驗結果 224
伍、結論 227
陸、化合物之物理及圖譜資料 231
柒、參考文獻 234
附錄一、化合物 8 之X-ray 實驗數據 249

參考文獻
1. 江昆達、林全信，豐富的海洋資源，臺灣書店，1998，117–126。
2. 姜鳳吾、張玉順，中國海洋藥物辭典，海洋出版社，1993。
3. Newman, D. J.; Cragg, G. M. “Marine Natural Products and Related
Compounds in Clinical and Advanced Preclinical Trials” J. Nat. Prod.
2004, 67, 1216–1238.
4. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Patalinghug, W.; Skelton, B.W.; Vasilescu,
I.; White, A. H. Aust. J. Chem. 1987, 40, 2085–2096.
5. 張蘭昌“中藥大辭典” 第三冊，昭人出版社，1981，2272-2273。
6. Tursch, B.; Mraeman, D.; Dalozi, D.; Herin, M.; Karlsson, R. “A new
cembranolide diterpene was obtained from the soft coral Lobophytum
cristagalli” Tetrahedron Lett. 1974, 43, 3769－3772.
7. Kashman, Y.; Groweiss, A. “Lobolide, a new cembranolide was
isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum sp.” Tetrahedron Lett. 1977,
13, 1159－1160.
8. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Mitchell, S. J.; Stokie, G. J. “Marine soft
coral Lobophytum sp. led the isolation and identification of two new
diterpenes” Aust. J. Chem. 1978, 31, 1301－1312.
9. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Liyanage, N.; Mitchell, S. J.; Stokie, G.;
Van Altena, I. “A novel bicyclic diterpene was obtained from a soft
coral Lobophytum hedleyi ” Aust. J. Chem. 1978, 31, 163－170.
10. Ahond, A.; Browden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Fourneron, J. D.; Mitchell, S.
J. “Further cembranolide diterpenes were reported from the soft coral
Lobophytum crassospiculatum” Aust. J. Chem. 1979, 32, 1273－1280.
11. Dunlop, R. W.; Wells, R. “Some novel diterpenes were isolated from
a soft coral of the Genus Lobophytum” Aust. J. Chem. 1979, 32, 1345
－1351.
12. Yamada, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Iguchi, K.; Hosaka, K.; Kikuchi, H.;
Tsukitani, Y.; Horiai, H. “13-Membered carbocyclic cembranolide
diterpenes were obtained from the soft coral Lobophytum
pauciflorum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1979, 27, 2394－2397.
13. Carmely, S.; Kashman, Y. “New prostaglandin (PGF) derivatives
were reported from the soft coral Lobophytum depressum”
Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 875－878.
14. Yamada, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Iguchi, K.; Kikuchi, H.; Tsukitani, Y.; Horiai,
H. “Two new cembranolides were isolated from the soft coral
Lobophytum pauciflorum” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980, 28, 2035－
2038.
15. Yamada, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Iguchi, K.; Kikuchi, H.; Tsukitani, Y.; Horiai,
H. “Chemical investigation of the soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum
resulted in the isolation of two new polyhydroxylated sterols” Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 1980, 28, 473－478.
16. Kashman, Y.; Carmely, S.; Groweiss, A. “Further cembranoid
derivatives were isolated from the red sea soft coral Alcyonium
flaccidum and Lobophytum crassum” J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3592－
3596.
17. Uchio, Y.; Toyota, J.; Nozaki, H.; Nakayama, M. “Lobohedleolide
and (7Z)-lobohedleolide, two new cembranolides were obtained from
the soft coral Lobophytum hedleyi Whitelegge” Tetrahedron Lett.
1981, 22, 4089－4092.
18. Carmely, S.; Kashman, Y. “Lobophytosterol, depressosterol and three
other closely related sterols were isolated from the soft coral
Lobophytum depressum” Tetrahedron 1981, 37, 2397－2403.
19. Browden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Tapiolas, D. M. “New cembranoid
diterpenes were obtained from the soft coral Lobophytum sp.” Aust.
J. Chem. 1983, 36, 2289－2295.
20. Kinamoni, Z.; Groweiss, A.; Carmely, S.; Kashman, Y. “Several new
cembranoid diterpenes were isolated from the soft corals Lobophytum
pauciflorum and Lobophytum crassum” Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 1643－
1648.
21. Browden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; de Costa, M. S. L.; Mackay, M. F.;
Mahendran, M.; de Silva, E. D.; Willis, R. H. “Chromatographic
separation of the soft coral Lobophytum critigalli led to the
purification of two new cembranolides” Aust. J. Chem. 1984, 37,
545－552.
22. Uchio, Y.; Eguchi, S.; Kuramoto, J.; Nakayama, M.; Hase, T.
“Denticulatolide, an ichthyotoxic peroxide-containing cembranolide
from the soft coral Lobophytum denticulatum” Tetrahedron Lett. 1985,
26, 4487－4490.
23. Subrahmanyam, C.; Vankateswara, C.; Anjaneyulu, V.;
Satyanarayana, P.; Subba, P. V. “New diterpenes were obtained from
a soft coral Lobophytum sp.” Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3111－3120.
24. Wang, S.-K.; Duh, C.-Y.; Wu, Y.-C.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, M.-C.; Soong,
K.; Fang, L.-S. “Chromatographic separation of the Formasan soft
coral Lobophytum michaelae resulted in the isolation of cytotoxic
cembranolides” J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 1430–1435.
25. Sheu, J.-H.; Yeh, T.-H. “Isolation of a Bioactive Sterol from the Soft
Coral Lobophytum mirabile” J. Chin. Chem. Soc.1991, 38, 397–399.
26. Su, J.-Y.; Meng, Y.-H.; Zeng, L.-M. “Lobocalone, a novel secondary
metabolite was isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum caledonenes”
J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 279－281.
27. Raju, B. L.; Subbaraju, G. V.; Rao, C. B.; Trimurtulu, G. “Two new
oxygenated lobanes were obtained from the soft coral Lobophytum
sp.” J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 961－966.
28. Venkateswarlu, Y.; Rao, M. R.; Ramesh, P. “A new polyhydroxylated
sterol was reported from the soft coral Lobophytum crassum” J. Nat.
Prod. 1997, 60, 1301－1302.
29. Yamada, Y.; Ryu, K.; Miyamoto, Y.; Higuchi, R. “Three new
cembrane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the soft coral
Lobophytum schoedei” J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 798－801.
30. Edrada, R. A.; Proksch, P.; Wray, V.; Witte, L.; van Ofwegen, L.
“Four new bioactive lobane diterpenes were obtained from the soft
coral Lobophytum pauciflorum” J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 358－361.
31. Morris, L. A.; Christie, E. M.; Jaspars, M.; van Ofwegen, L. “A
bioactive secosterol with an unusual A- and B-ring oxygenation
pattern was isolated from an Indonesian soft coral Lobophytum sp.” J.
Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 538－541.
32. Matthee, G. F.; Konig, G. M.; Wright, A. D. “Three new diterpenoids
were isolated from the marine soft coral Lobophytum crassum” J. Nat.
Prod. 1998, 61, 237－240.
33. Rao, M. R.; Venkatesham, U.; Reddy, M. V. R.; Venkateswarlu, Y.
“An unusual C29 steroid was isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum
crassum” J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 785－786.
34. Duh, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Huang, B.-T.; Dai, C.-F. “A new cytotoxic
cembrenolide diterpenes were isolated from the Formosan soft coral
Lobophytum crassum” J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 884–885.
35. Rashid, M. A.; Gustafson, K. R.; Boyd, M. R. “ A new HIV-inhibitory
cembrane-type derivative was obtained from a Philippines soft coral
Lobophytum sp.” J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 531–533.
36. Padhika, P.; Rao, V. L.; Laatsch, H. “A new ceramide was reported
from a soft coral Lobophytum sp.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2004, 52, 1345
－1348.
37. Muralidhar, P.; Kumar, M. M.; Krishna, N. “New sphingolipids and a
sterol were isolated from a Indonesian soft coral Lobophytum sp.”
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 168－171.
38. Yin, S.-W.; Shi, Y.-P.; Li, X.-M.; Wang, B.-G. “A new cembranolide
was isolated from the South-China-Sea soft coral Lobophytum
crassum” Helv. Chim. Acta 2006, 89, 567－572.
39. Wang, L.-T.; Wang, S.-K.; Soong, K.; Duh, C.-Y. “Cytotoxic
cembranolides from the soft coral Lobophytum michaelae” Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 766－770.
40. Chao, C.-H.; Huang, H.-C.; Wu, Y.-C.; Lu, C.-K.; Dai, C.-F.; Sheu,
J.-H. “Chromatographic separation of the Formosan soft coral
Lobophytum crassum afforded three new glycolipids” Chem. Pharm.
Bull. 2007, 55, 1720－1723.
41. Cheng, S.-Y.; Wen, Z.-H.; Chiou, S.-F.; Wang, S.-K.; Hsu, C.-H.; Dai,
C.-F.; Chiang, M. Y.; Duh, C.-Y. “Anti-inflammatory and
antibacterial cembranolides were isolated from the soft coral
Lobophytum durum” Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 9698－9704.
42. Fattarusso, E.; Romano, A.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O.; Achmad, M. J.;
BAvestrello, G.; Cerrano, C. “Lobozoanthamine, a new
zoamthamine-type alkaloid was isolated from the Indonesian soft coral
Lobophytum sp.” Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2189－2192.
43. Chao, C.-H.; Wen, Z.-H.; Wu, Y.-C.; Yeh, H.-C.; Sheu, J.-H.
“Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory cembranoids were obtained from
the soft coral Lobophytum crassum” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71,
1819–1824.
44. Chen, S.-H.; Huang, H.; Guo, Y.-W. “Four new cembrane diterpenes
were isolated from the Hainan soft coral Lobophytum sp.” Chin. J.
Chem. 2008, 26, 2223–2227.
45. Chena, S.-H.; Guo, Y.-W.; Huang, H.; Cimino, G. “Six new
cembranolides with α-methylene-γ-lactone ring were isolated from the
soft coral Lobophytum sp. collected off the Lingshui Bay, Hainan
Province, China” Helv. Chim. Acta. 2008, 91, 873－880.
46. Pescitelli, G.; Salvadori, P.; Kurtan, T.; Guo, Y.-W. “New
α-methylene-γ-lactone-bearing cembranoids were isolated from a soft
coral Lobophytum crassum” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 961–966.
47. Lin, S.-T.; Wang, S.-K.; Cheng, S.-Y.; Duh, C.-Y. “Lobocrasol, a
New Diterpenoid from the Soft Coral Lobophytum crassum” Org. Lett.
2009, 11, 3012－3014.
48. Cheng, S.-Y.; Wen, Z.-H.; Wang, S.-K.; Chiou, S.-F.; Hsu, C.-H.; Dai,
C.-F.; Chiang, M.Y.; Duh, C.-Y. “Unprecedented Hemiketal
Cembranolides with Anti-inflammatory Activity from the Soft Coral
Lobophytum durum” J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 152–155.
49. Missakian, M. G.; Burreson, B. J.; Scheuer, P. J. “Pukalide, a
furanocembranolide from the soft coral Sinularia abrupta”
Tetrahedron 1975, 31, 2513–2515.
50. Su, J.; Yang, J. S. R.; Kuang, Y.; Zeng, L. “A new cembranoids
from the soft coral Sinularia capillpsa” J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63,
1543–1545.
51. Venkateswarlu, Y.; Biabani, M. A. F.; Reddy, M. V. R.; Rao, T. P.;
Kunwar, A. C.; Faulkner, D. J. “Madapamate, a diterpenoid from the
soft coral Sinularia dissecta” Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35,
2249–2252.
52. Ramesh, P.; Reddy, N. S.; Venkateswarlu, Y. “Rameswaralide, a
novel diterpenoid from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta”
Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 38, 8217–8220.
53. Reddy, N. S.; Goud, T. V.; Venkateswarlu, Y. “Seco-sethukarailin, a
novel diterpenoid from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta” J. Nat.
Prod. 2002, 65, 1059–1060.
54. Rudi, A.; Dayan, T. L.; Aknin, M.; Gaydou, E. M.; Kashman, Y.
“Several new isoprenoids from the soft coral Sinularia erecta” J.
Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 872–875.
55. Tursch, B.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D.; Herin, M.; Karlsson, R.;
Losman, D. “Chemical studies of the marine invertebrates XI.
Sinulariolide, a new cembranolide diterpene from the soft coral
Sinularia flexibilis” Tetrahedron 1975, 31, 129–133.
56. Mori, K.; Suzuki, S.; Iguchi, K.; Yamada, Y. “8,11-Epoxy bridged
cembranolide diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis”
Chem. Lett. 1983, 1515–1516.
57. Kazlauskao, R.; Murphy, P. I.; Wells, R. J.; Schonholzer, P.; Coll, J.
C. “Cembranoid constituents from an Australian collection of the
soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” Aust. J. Chem. 1978, 31, 1817–1824.
58. Weinheimer, A. Matson, J. A.; Hossain, M. B.; Vander, Helm D.
“Marine anticancer agents: Sinularin and dihydrosinularin, new
cembranolides from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” Tetrahedron
Lett. 1977, 34, 2923–2926.
59. Duh, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Tseng, H.-K.; Sheu, J.-H. “Novel
cytotoxic cembranoids from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” J. Nat.
Prod. 1998, 61, 844–847.
60. Duh, C.-Y.; Wang, S.-K.; Tseng, H.-K.; Sheu, J.-H. “A Novel
cytotoxic biscembranoid from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia
flexibilis” Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7121–7122.
61. Guerrero, P. P.; Read, R. W.; Batley, M.; Janairo, G. C. ”The
structure of a novel cembranoid diterpene from a Philipine collection
of the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” J. Nat. Prod. 1995, 58,
1185–1191.
62. Anjaneyulu. A. S. R.; Sagar, K. S. “Flexibiolide and
dihydroflexibiolide, the first trihydroxycembranolide lactones from
the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis of the Indian Ocean” Nat. Prod.
Lett. 1996, 9, 12.
63. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Sagar, K. S.; Rao, G. V. “New cembranoid
lactones from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” J. Nat.
Prod. 1997, 60, 9–12.
64. Hou, R.-S.; Duh, C.-Y.; Chang, M. Y.; Lin, C.-N. “Sinugibberol, a
new cytotoxic cembranoid diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia
gibberosa” J. Nat. Prod. 1995, 58, 1126–1130.
65. Duh, C.-Y.; Hou, R.-S. “Cytotocix cembranoids from the Formosan
soft corals Sinularia gibberosa and Sarcophyton trocheliophorum” J.
Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 595–598.
66. Li, G.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Z.; Ofwegen, L. V.; Proksch, P.; Lin, W.
“Cytotoxic cembranoid Diterpenes from soft coral Sinularia
gibberosa” J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 649–652.
67. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Venugopal, J. R.V.; Sarada, P.; Clardy, J.;
Lobkovsky, E. “Havellockate, a novel seco and spiro lactone
diterpenoid from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia granosa”
Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 139–142.
68. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Rao, G. V.; Rao, N. S. K. “Sesqui and
diterpenoids of the soft coral Sinularia hirta of the Andaman and
Nicobar Island” Ind J Chem. 1996, 35(B), 815.
69. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Sagar, K.S.; Venugopal, J. R. V. “Terpenoid
and steroid constituents of the Indian Oceansoft coral Sinularia
maxima” Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10997–11010.
70. Venkateswarlu, Y.; Sridevi, K. V.; Rao, M. R. “New
furanocembranoid diterpenes from the soft coral Sinularia maxima”
J .Nat .Prod. 1999, 62, 756–768.
71. Uchio, Y.; Nabeya, H.; Nakayama, M.; Hayashi, S.; Hase, T.
“Cembrene and mayol, two new cembranoid diterpene from the soft
coral Sinularia mayi” Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22, 1689–1690.
72. Kobayashi, M.; Hamaguchi, T. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids VI.
Isolation of several plausible precursors of marine cembranolides from
the soft coral, Sinularia mayi” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36,
3780–3786.
73. Nagaoka, H.; Iwashima, M.; Abe, H.; Iguchik, K.; Yamada, Y.
“Total synthesis of (t)-mayolide A. Absolute structure of mayolide A,
a secocembrane diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia mayi” Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40, 1742–1749.
74. Kobayashi, M.; Ishizaka, T.; Miura, N.; Mitsuhashi, H. ”Marine
terpenes and terpenoids III. Isolation and structures of two cembrane
diols form the soft coral Sinularia mayi” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35,
2314–2318.
75. Kobayashi, M. “Marine terpenes and terpenoids IV. Isolation of new
cembranoid and secocembranoid lactones from the soft coral Sinularia
mayi” Chem. Pharm. Bull. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 488–494.
76. Lan, J.; Li, J.; Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Chanb, A. S. C. ”The first total
synthesis of (–) sinulariol-B and three other cembranoids” Tetrahedron
Assym. 1999, 10, 1877–1885.
77. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Wright, A. D. ”Studies of Australian soft
corals XLIV. New diterpenes from Sinularia polydactyla” Aust. J.
Chem. 1989, 42, 757–763.
78. Grote, D.; Soliman, H. S. M.; Shaker, K. H. Hamza, M. Seifert, K.
Nat. Prod. Res. 2006, 20, 285–291.
79. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Rao, G. V.; Sagar, K. S. “Cembranoid
diterpenes and a briarane diterpene from corals” Nat. Prod. Lett. 1995a,
7, 183–190.
80. Lin, C.; Su, J.; Zeng, L. “Crystal structure of a new cembranolide
diterpene” Chem. Res. Chinese 2002, U18, 189–191.
81. Kashman, Y.; Bodner. M.; Loya, Y.; Benayahu, Y. ”Cembranolides
from marine origin (Red Sea), survey, and isolation of new
sinulariolide derivatives” Isr. J. Chem1. 1977, 6, 1–3.
82. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Sarada, P. “Bishomoisomandapamate, a new
tetracyclic diterpenoid from a new species of the Sinularia genus of
the Indian Ocean.” J. Chem. Res. 1999, 10 (S), 600–601.
83. Iguchi, K.; Nishimura, K.; Yamazaki, K.; Iwashima, M.; Yamada, Y.
“New cembranolide diterpenes with a dimethylamino group from the
Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp.” Chem. Lett. 1992, 127–130.
84. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Raju, K. V. S. “Secondary metabolites of a
new soft coral of the genus Sinularia of the Mandapam coast” Ind. J.
Chem. 1995, 34B, 463–465.
85. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Mitchell, S. J.; Mulder, J.; Stokie, G. J.
“Studies of Australian soft corals IX. A novel nor-diterpene from the
soft coral Sinularia leptoclados” Aust. J. Chem. 1978, 31, 2049–2056.
86. Ahmed, A. F.; Shiue, R.-T.; Wang, G.-H.; Dai, C.-F.; Kuo, Y.-H.;
Sheu, J.-H. “Five novel norcembranoids from Sinularia leptoclados
and S. parva” Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 7337–7344.
87. Hiroko Takaki, Ryoji Koganemaru, You Iwakawa, Ryuichi Higuchi,
and Tomofumi Miyamoto “Inhibitory Effect of Norditerpenes on
LPS-Induced TNF-α Production from the Okinawan Soft Coral,
Sinularia sp.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 26, 380—382.
88. Tseng, Y.-J.; Ahmed, A. F.; Dai, C.-F.; Chiang, M.-Y.; Sheu, J.-H.
“Sinulochmodins A－C, three novel terpenoids from the soft coral
Sinularia lochmodes” Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3813–3816.
89. Bowden, B. F.; Coll, J. C.; Wright, A. D. “Studies of Australian soft
corals XLIV. New diterpenes from Sinularia polydactyla” Aust. J.
Chem. 1989, 42, 757–763.
90. Sheu, J.-H.; Ahmed, A. F.; Shiue, R.-T.; Dai, C.-F.; Kuo, Y.-H.
“Scabrolides A－D, four norditerpenoids isolated from the soft coral
Sinularia scabra” J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1904–1908.
91. Ahmed, A. F.; Su, J.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Sheu, J.-H. “Scabrolides E－G,
three new norditerpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia scabra” J. Nat.
Prod. 2004, 67, 2079–2082.
92. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R.; Venugopal, M. J. R. V.; Sarada, P. “On the
novel cembranoids of the soft coral Sinularia granosa of the Indian
ocean and their biogenesis.” Indian J. Chem. 2000, 39B, 530–535.
93. Su, J.-H.; Tseng, Y.-J.; Huang, H.-H.; Ahmed, A. F.; Lu, C.-K.; Wu,
Y.-C.; Sheu, J.-H. “9,11-Secosterols from the soft corals Sinularia
lochmodes and Sinularia leptoclados” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 850–852.
94. Su, J.-H.; Ahmed, A. F.; Sung, P.-J.; Chao, C.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Sheu,
J.-H. “Manaarenolides A－I, diterpenoids from the soft corals Sinularia
manaarensis” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1134–1139.
95. Ahmed, A. F.; Hsieh, Y.-T.; Wen, Z.-H.; Wu, Y.-C.; Sheu, J.-H.
“Polyoxygenated sterols from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia
gibberosa” J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1275–1279.
96. Lu, Y.; Huang, C.-Y.; Lin, Y.-F.; Wen, Z.-H.; Su, J.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H.;
Chiang, M. Y.; Sheu, J.-H. “Anti-inflammatory cembranoids from the
soft corals Sinularia querciformis and Sinularia granosa” J. Nat. Prod.
2008, 71, 1754–1759.
97. Kamel, H. N.; Ferreira, D.; Garcia-Fernandez, L. F.; Slattery, M.
“Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the Hybrid soft coral Sinularia maxima ×
Sinularia polydactyla” J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1223–1227.
98. Ahmed, A. F.; Wen, Z.-H.; Su, J.-H.; Hsieh, Y.-T.; Wu, Y.-C.; Hu,
W.-P.; Sheu, J.-H. “Oxygenated cembranoids from a Formosan soft
coral Sinularia gibberosa” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 179–185.
99. Ahmed, A. F.; Tai, S.-H.; Wen, Z.-H.; Su, J.-H.; Wu, Y.-C.; Hu,
W.-P.; Sheu, J.-H. “A C-3 methylated isocembranoid and
10-oxocembranoids from a Formosan soft coral, Sinularia
grandilobata” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 946–951.
100. Wen, T.; Ding, Y.; Deng, Z.; Ofwegen, L. V.; Proksch, P.; Lin,
W. “Sinulaflexiolides A－K, cembrane-type diterpenoids from the
Chinese soft coral Sinularia flexibilis” J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71,
1133–1140.
101. Cheng, S.-Y.; Huang, K.-J.; Wang, S.-K.; Wen, Z.-H.; Hsu,
C.-H.; Dai, C.-F.; Duh, C.-Y. “New terpenoids from the soft corals
Sinularia capillosa and Nephthea chabroli” Org. Lett. 2009, 11,
4830–4833.
102. Kamel, H. N.; Ding, Y.; Li, X.-C.; Ferreira, D.; Fronczek, F. R.;
Slattery, M. “Beyond polymaxenolide: cembrane-africanane terpenoids
from the Hybrid soft coral Sinularia maxima × Sinularia polydactyla”
J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 900–905.
103. Li, Y.; Carbone, M.; Vitale, R. M.; Amodeo, P.; Castelluccio, F.;
Sicilia, G.; Mollo, E.; Nappo, M.; Cimino, G.; Guo, Y.-W.; Gavagnin,
M. “Rare casbane diterpenoids from the Hainan soft coral Sinularia
depressa” J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 133–138.
104. Cheng, S.-Y.; Huang, K.-J.; Wang, S.-K.; Wen, Z.-H.; Chen,
P.-W.; Duh, C.-Y. “Antiviral and anti-inflammatory metabolites from
the soft coral Sinularia capillosa” J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 771–775.
105. Cheng, S.-Y.; Chuang, C.-T.; Wang, S.-K.; Wen, Z.-H.; Chiou,
S.-F.; Hsu, C.-H.; Dai, C.-F.; Duh, C.-Y. “Antiviral and
anti-inflammatory diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia capillosa”
J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 1184–1187.
106. Ahmed, A. F.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Dai, C. F.; Sheu, J.-H. “Oxygenated
terpenoids from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa” J. Nat.
Prod. 2005, 68, 1208–1212.
107. Alley, M. C.; Scudiero, D. A.; Monks, A.; Hursey, M. L.;
Czerwinski, M. J.; Fine, D. L.; Abbott, B. J.; Mayo, J. G.; Shoemaker, R.
H.; Boyd, M. R. “Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human
tumor cell lines using a microculture tetraxolium assay” Cancer Res.
1988, 48, 589–601.
108. Scudiero, D. A.; Shoemaker, R. H.; Paull, K. D.; Monks, A.;
Tierney, S.; Nofziger, T. H.; Currens, M. J.; Seniff, D.; Boyd, M. R.
“Evalution of a soluble with tetrazolium/ formazan assay for cell growth
and drug sensitivity in culture using human and other tumor cell lines”
Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 4827–4833.