美國以其國家實力，常是推動重大國際多邊條約制約的主要國家，並在制約過程中發揮其影響力，以形塑最終之談判結果。但在三個不同領域中所締造的三項重大國際多邊條約，卻均出現美國積極參與制約談判，但最終均以不符美國「國家利益」而拒絕簽署或批准。本論文研究目的即在藉由檢視美國在聯合國海洋法公約、京都議定書與國際刑事法院羅馬規約等三個重大國際多邊條約談判過程中，美國之提案與發言，以瞭解美國的談判立場及所重視的議題為何，並進而推導出美國所捍衛之「國家利益」實質內涵到底為何。此外，本論文將進一步剖析美國在談判過程中，那些國內的行為者形塑或定義了美國所重視與堅持的「國家利益」。

With its national strength, the United States is, more often than not, a major State initiating the making of important international multilateral treaties and shaping the final outcome by wielding its influence in the negotiation processes. Nevertheless, three major international multilateral treaties concluded in three different domains all appear the same situation in which the U.S. participated actively in the negotiations but ended up rejecting to sign or ratify due to their inconformities with American “national interests.” The purpose of this thesis is to examine the American proposals and interventions made in the negotiating processes of three important international multilateral treaties, i.e., the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Kyoto Protocol and Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, so as to understand American negotiation stances as well as the issues to which the U.S. attached importance to and the derive the substantive contents of the “national interests” that the U.S. held dear. Furthermore, this thesis takes one step further to analyze who were the actors that shaped and defined the “national interests” which the U.S. valued and held tight.

目錄

謝辭 vii
中文摘要 xi
英文摘要 xii
目錄 xiii

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機、目的與案例挑選 1
第二節 研究架構與方法 4
第三節 文獻回顧 6
第四節 章節安排 15
第五節 研究範圍與限制 17

第二章 聯合國海洋法公約與美國 19
第一節 談判背景 19
第二節 談判過程 24
第三節 形成美國反對聯合國海洋法公約之立場的
原因 32
第四節 結語 44

第三章 京都議定書與美國 47
第一節 談判背景 47
第二節 從氣候變化綱要公約到京都議定書 50
第三節 形成美國反對京都議定書之立場的原因 59
第四節 結語 70

第四章 國際刑事法院羅馬規約與美國 73
第一節 談判背景 73
第二節 羅馬規約談判過程中美國關切之議題 77
第三節 形成美國反對羅馬規約之立場的原因 86
第四節 結語 97

第五章 分析與討論 99
第一節 美國國家利益的實質內涵 99
第二節 形塑美國國家利益的行為者 103
第三節 影響行為者之驅動力 109
第四節 研究成果與文獻回顧之關係 110

第六章 結論 113

參考書目 115


圖目錄

圖1-1 研究架構圖 5


表目錄

表2-1 美國國會歷年來有關深海床固體礦物資源法提案
一覽表 40
表2-2 國際採礦財團及其母公司一覽表 43
表5-1 美國在三項國際公約之國家利益分析表 103
表5-2 三項國際條約制約談判中形塑美國國家利益的行
為者一覽表 108

參考書目

壹、中文部份

書籍

李 鋼，1987年，「新的國際海峽制度的確立」，趙理海主編，當代海洋法的理論與實踐，法律出版社。

宋燕輝，1997年，「美國與聯合國：深海床礦採制度修訂之研究」，宋燕輝、焦興鎧主編，聯合國與歐美國家論文集，台北：中研院歐美研究所。

張玉生，1992年，美國海洋政策，黎明文化事業公司。

陳欣之，2003年，「國際關係學的發展」，張亞中主編，國際關係總論，台北：揚智文化。

劉高龍，1987年，「美國為什麼拒絕簽署聯合國海洋法公約」，趙理海主編，當代海洋法的理論與實踐，法律出版社。

關 中，2005年，意識形態和美國外交決策，台北：台灣商務。

David Marsh et. al. 著，2009年，陳義彥等譯，政治學方法論與途徑，台北：韋伯文化。

Gilpin, Robert G. 著，2004年，陳怡仲等譯，全球政治經濟學，台北：桂冠出版。

Morgenthau, Hans J. 著，2006年，徐晰等譯，王緝思校，國家間政治：權力鬥爭與和平，北京：北京大學出版社。

Tocqueville, Alexis de 著，2005年，秦修明、湯新楣、李宜培譯，民主在美國，台北：左岸文化。

期刊文章

李 巍，2009年，「從體系層次到單元層次－國內政治與新古典現實主義」，外交評論，第5期，頁134-150。

李河清，2001 年，「環境外交與氣候談判」，國政研究報告，10 月25 日。

李河清，2004 年，「知識社群與全球氣候談判」，問題與研究，第43卷第6期，頁73-102。

周陶沫，2008年，「政府能力與大國崛起－評扎卡利亞從財富到權力」，國際政治科學，第3期，頁115-128。

林瑞龍，1981年， 「國際海峽通過權問題與第三屆海洋法會議」，臺大法學論叢，第10卷第2期，頁113-143。

林雍昇，2005年，「從國際刑法的發軔到國際刑事法院的成立－兼述羅馬規約的主要內容」，臺灣國際法季刊，第2卷第2期，頁281-307。

林碧炤，1988年，「國家利益與國際政治」，國際關係學報，第6卷，頁87-95。

秦亞青，2005年，「現實主義理論的發展及其批判」，國際政治科學，第2期，頁138-166。

劉 豐，2007年，「新古典現實主義的發展及前景－評沒有應答的威脅：均勢的政治制約」，國際政治科學，第3期，頁155-168。

劉豐、張睿壯，2005年，「現實主義國際關係理論流派辨析」，國際政治科學，第4期，頁109-131。

國科會計畫

俞寬賜，1999年，從國際海洋法研究海洋礦藏及生物資源之養護、管理和開發：（一）深海床採礦法制之研究 （國科會研究計畫 NSC 88-2414-H002-030成果報告）。

貳、英文部份

Books

Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow, 1999. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd ed. Mass: Longman.

Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.), 1999. The Statute of International Criminal Court: A Documentary History. Ardsley: Transnational Publishers.

Betsill, Michele M. 2000. “The United States and the Evolution of International Climate Change Norms,” in Paul G. Harris (ed.), Climate Change and American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Bodansky, Daniel. 2001. “The History of the Global Climate Change,” in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz (eds.), International Relations and Global Climate Change. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Brown, Bartram S. 2002. “Unilateralism, Multilateralism, and the International Criminal Court,” in Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman (eds.), Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivalent Engagement. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Brulle, Robert J. 2000. Agency, Democracy, and Nature: The U.S. Environmental Movement from a Critical Theory Perspective. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Christensen, Thomas J. 1996. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Churchill, R. R. and A. V. Lowe. 1999. The Law of the Sea. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Dahl, Robert A. 2005. Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City, 2nd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press.

Duchacek, Ivo D. 1971. National and Men: An Introduction to International Politics. New York: Rinehart and Winster.

Fernandez de Gurmendi, Silvia A. 1999. “The Role of International Prosecutor,” in Roy S. Lee (ed.), The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute, Issue, Negotiations, Results. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Foot, Rosemary, S. Neil Macfarlane and Michael Mastanduno. 2003. “Conclusion: Instrumental Multilateralism in U.S. Foreign Policy,” in Rosemary Foot, S. Neil Macfarlane and Michael Mastanduno (eds.), U.S. Hegemony and International Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gore, Albert A. 1992. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. New York: Plume Book.

Grubb, Michael, Christiaan Vrolijk and Duncan Brack. 1999. “Political and Legal Foundations: National Perspectives and the Road to Kyoto,” in Michael Grubb et al., The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Hollick, Ann L. 1981. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Hopgood, Stephen. 2003. “Looking Beyond the ‘K-Word’: Embedded Multilateralism in American Foreign Environmental Policy,” in Rosemary Foot, S. Neil Macfarlane and Michael Mastanduno (eds.), U.S. Hegemony and International Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ignatieff, Michael. 2005. ”Introduction: American Exceptionalism and Human Rights,” in Michael Ignatieff (ed.), American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jacobson, Harold K. 2002. “Climate Change: Unilateralism, Realism, and Two-Level Games,” in Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman (eds.), Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Kissinger, Henry A. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Kraft, Michael E. 2007. Environmental Policy and Politics. New York: Longman.

Layzer, Judith A. 2007. “Deep Freeze: How Business Has Shaped the Global Warming Debate in Congress,” in Michael E. Kraft and Sheldon Kamieniecki (eds.), Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Moravcsik, Andrew. 2005. “The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy,” in Michael Ignatieff (ed.), American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Morgenthau, Hans J. 1958. Dilemmas of Politics. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Nitze, William A. 1994. “A Failure of Presidential Leadership,” in Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard (eds.), Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nuechterlein, Donald E. 1991. America Recommitted: United States National Interests in a Restructured World. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.

Oberthur, Sebastian and Hermann E. Ott. 1999. The Kyoto Protocol: International Climate Policy for the 21st Century. Berlin: Springer.

Park, Jack. 2000. “Governing Climate Change Policy: From Scientific Obscurity to Foreign Policy Prominence,” in Paul G. Harris (ed.), Climate Change and American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Ratiner, Leigh S. 1983. “The Costs of American Rigidity,” in Bernard H. Oxman et al. (eds.), Law of the Sea: U. S. Policy Dilemma. San Francisco: ICS Press.

Schabas, William A. 2001. An Introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schmidt, Markus G. 1989. Common Heritage or Common Burden: The United Stated Position on the Development of a Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention. Oxford: Claredon Press.

Schweller, Randall L. 2006. Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Stoll, Peter-Tobias. 2003. “Compliance: Multilateralism Achievements and Predominant Powers”, in Michael Byers and G. Nolte (eds.), Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Weschler, Lawrence. 2000. “Exceptional Cases in Rome: The United States and the Struggle for an ICC,” in Sarah B. Sewall and Carl Kaysen (eds.), The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Wilmshurst, Elizabeth. 1999. “Jurisdiction of the Court,” in Roy S. Lee (ed.), The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute, Issue, Negotiations, Results. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Wippman, David. 2004. “The International Criminal Court,” in Christian Reus-Smith (ed.), The Politics of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yee, Lionel. 1999. “The International Criminal Court and the Security Council: Article 13(b) and 16,” in Roy S. Lee (ed.), The International Criminal Court, TheMaking of the Rome Statute, Issue, Negotiations, Results. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Zakaria, Fareed. 1998. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Journal articles

Abbot, Kenneth W. 1992. “International Law and International Relations Theory: Buliding Bridges-Elements of a Joint Discipline,” American Society of International Law Proceedings 86: 167-172.

Agrawala, Shardul and Steinar Andresen.1999. “Indispensability and Indefensibility? The United States in the Climate Treaty Negotiations,” Global Governance 5: 457-482.

Arts, Bas and Wolfgang Rudig. 1995. “Negotiating the Berlin Mandate: Reflections on the First Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change,” Environmental Politics 4: 481-487.

Benedetti, Fanny and John L. Washburn. 1999. “Drafting the International Criminal Court Treaty: Two Years to Rome and an Afterword on the Rome Diplomatic Conference,” Global Governance 5: 1-37.

Bodansky, Daniel. 1993. “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary,” Yale Journal of International Law 18: 451-558.

Bolton, John R. 1999. “Courting Danger: What’s Wrong with the International Criminal Court,’ The National Interest 54: 60-71

───── 2001. “The Risks and Weaknesses of the International Criminal Court from American’s Perspective,” Law and Contemporary Problems 64: 167-180.

Breidenich, Clare, Daniel Magraw, Anne Rowley and James W. Rubin. 1998. “The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” American Journal of International Law 92: 315-331.

Brown, Bartram S. 1998. “U.S. Objections to the Statute of The International Criminal Court: A Brief Response,” N.Y.U. Journal of International Law & Politics 31: 855-891.

Brunnee, Jutta. 2004. “The United States and International Environmental Law: Living with an Elephant,” European Journal of International Law 15: 617-649.

Caron, David D. 1980. “Municipal Legislation for Exploitation of the Deep Seabed,” Ocean Development & International Law 8: 259-297.

Carpenter, Chad. 2001. “Businesses, Green Groups and the Media: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Climate Change Debate,” International Affairs 77: 313-328.

Charney, Jonathan L. 1983. “Comment: The United States and the Law of the Sea after UNCLOS III: The Impact of General International Law,” Law & Contemporary Problems 46: 37-54.

Chayes, Antonia. 2008. “How American Treaty Behavior Threatens National Security,” International Security 33: 45-81.

Clairmonte, Frederick F. and John Cavanagh. 1983. “The Law of the Sea: The Power Play,” Minerals & Energy – Raw Materials Report 1: 9- 17.

Davies, Peter G. G. 1998. “Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47: 446-461.

Dempsey, Gary T. 1998. “Reasonable Doubt: The Case Against the Proposed International Criminal Court,” Cato Policy Analysis 311, July 16.

Evered, Timothy C. 1994. “An International Criminal Court: Recent Proposals and American Concerns,” Pace International Law Review 6: 121-158.

Falkner, Robert. 2005. “American Hegemony and the Global Environment,” International Studies Review 7: 585-599.

Fisher, Dana R. 2006. “Bringing the Material Back In: Understanding the U.S. Position on Climate Change,” Sociological Forum 21: 467-494.

Forsythe, David P. 2002. “U.S. Foreign Policy and Human Rights,” Journal of Human Rights 1: 501-521.

Greenberg, Jonathan D. 2003. “Does Power Trump Law?” Stanford Law Review 55: 1789-1820.

Hall, Christopher K. 1997. “The First Two Sessions of the U.N. Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court,” American Journal of International Law 91: 177-187.

─────── 1998. “The Third and Fourth Sessions of the U.N. Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court,” American Journal of International Law 92: 124-133.

Harris, Paul G. 1999. “Common But Differentiated Responsibility: The Kyoto Protocol and United States Policy,” N.Y.U. Environmental Law Journal 7: 27-48.

Henkin, Louis. 1995. “U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Conventions: The Ghost of Senator Bricker,” American Journal of International Law 89: 341-350.

Ikenberry, G. John. “Is American Multilateralism Decline?” Perspectives on Politics 1 (2003): 533-550.

Jacobson, Jon L. and Douglas G. Cameron. 1977. “Potential Conflicts between a Future Law of the Sea Treaty and the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976,” Washington Law Review 52: 451-494.

Kim, Young S. 1999. “The Preconditions to the Exercise of the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: With Focus on Article 12 of the Rome Statute,” Journal of International Law and Practice 8: 47-90.

King, Henry T. and Theodore C. Theofrastous, 1999. “From Nuremberg to Rome: A Step Backward for U.S. Foreign Policy,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 31: 47-106.

Kirsch, Philippe and John T. Holms. 1999. “The Rome Conference on an International Criminal Court: The Negotiation Process,” American Journal of International Law 93: 2-12.

Knight, H. Gary. 1973. “Issues Before the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” Louisiana Law Review 34: 155-196.

Koh, Harold Hongju. 2003. “On American Exceptionalism,” Stanford Law Review 55: 1479-1527.

Krisch, Nico. 2005. “International Law in Time of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order,” European Journal of International Law 16: 369-408.

Larson, David L. 1982. “The Reagan Administration and the Law of the Sea,” Ocean Development & International Law 11: 297-320.

───── 1985. “The Regan Rejection of the U.N. Convention”, Ocean Development & International Law 14: 337-361.

Laursen, Finn. 1982. “Security Versus Access to Resources: Explaining a Decade of U.S. Ocean Policy,” World Politics 34: 197-229.

Lee, Luke T. 1983. “The Law of the Sea Convention and the Third States,” American Journal of International Law 77: 541-568.

Levy, David L. and Daniel Egan. 2003. “A Neo-Gramscian Approach to Corporate Political Strategy: Conflict and Accommodation in the Climate Change Negotiations,” Journal of Management Studies 40: 814-829.

Lisowski, Michael. 2002. “Playing the Two-Level Game: U.S. President Bush’s Decision to Repudiate the Kyoto Protocol,” Environmental Politics 11: 101-119.

Mahmoudi, Said. 1989. “Customary International Law and Transit Passage,” Ocean Development & International Law 20: 157-174.

Malanczuk, Peter. 2000. “The International Criminal Court and Landmines: What are the Consequences of Leaving the U.S. Behind?,” European Journal of International Law 11: 77-90.

Malone, James L. 1983. “The United States and the Law of the Sea after UNCLOS III,” Law & Contemporary Problems 46: 29-36.

────── 1983. “The United States and the Law of the Sea,” Virginia Journal of International Law 24: 785-807.

McCright, Aaron M. and Riley E. Dunlap. 2000. “Defeating Kyoto: Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement’s Counter-Claims,” Social Problems 47: 499-522.

────── 2003. “The Conservative Movement’s Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy,” Social Problems 50: 348-373.

McDorman, Ted L. 1984. “1982 Law of the Sea Convention: The First Year,” Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 15: 211-232.

Morgenthau, Hans J. 1952. “Another Great Debate: The National Interest of the United States,” American Political Science Review 64: 961-988.

Morre, John N. 1980. “The Regime of Straits and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” American Journal of International Law 74: 77-121.

Nill, David A. 1999. “National Sovereignty: Must it be Sacrificed to the International Criminal Court?,” Brigham Young Journal of Public Law 14: 119-150.

Orentlicher, Diane F. 2003.“Unilateral Multilateralism: United States Policy Toward the International Criminal Court,” Cornell International Law Journal 36: 415-433.

Oxman, Bernard H. 1982. “The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Tenth Session (1981),” American Journal of International Law 76: 1-23.

Payne, Richard J. 1978. “Mining the Deep Seabed: The Political, Economic and Legal Struggle,” The Journal of Politics 40: 933-955.

Robertson, Horace B. 1979. “Passage Through International Straits: A Right Preserved in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” Virginia Journal of International Law 20: 801-857.

Rose, Gideon. 1998. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy,” World Politics 51: 144-172.

Rowlands, Ian H. 1995. “The Climate Change Negotiations: Berlin and Beyond,” Journal of Environment & Development 4: 145-163.

Schabas, William A. 2004. “United States Hostility to the International Criminal Court: It's All About the Security Council,” European Journal of International Law 15: 701-720.

Scharf, Michael P. 1999. “The Politics Behind U.S. Opposition to the International Criminal Court,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 6: 97-104.

Scheffer, David. 1996. “International Judicial Intervention,” Foreign Policy 102: 34-51.

────── 1998. “U.S. Policy on International Criminal Tribunals,” American University of International Law Review 13: 1389-1400.

────── 1999. “The United States and the International Criminal Court,” American Journal of International Law 93: 12-22.

Schelling, Thomas C. 2002. “What Makes Greenhouse Sense?: Time to Rethink the Kyoto Protocol,” Foreign Affairs 81: 2-9.

Schneider, Stephen H. 1998. “Kyoto Protocol: The Unfinished Agenda,” Climate Change 39: 1-21.

Scott, Shirley V. 2004. “Is There Room for International Law in Realpolitik?: Accounting for the U.S. Attitude Towards International Law,” Review of International Studies 30: 71-88.

Skodvin, Tora and Steinar Andresen. 2009. “An Agenda for Change in U.S. Climate Politics? Presidential Ambitions and Congressional Powers,” International Environmental Agreements 9: 263-280.

Shusterich, Kurt. 1982. “Mining the Deep Seabed: A Complex and Innovative Industry,” Marine Policy 6: 175-192.

Simmons, Beth A. 1998. “Compliance with International Agreement,” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 75-93.

────── 2001. “International Law and International Relations: Scholar at the Intersection of Principles and Politics,” American Society of International Law Proceedings 95: 271-279.

Stevenson, John R. and Bernard H. Oxman. 1974. “The Preparations for the Law of the Sea Conference,” American Journal of International Law 68: 1-32.

────── 1975. “The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1974 Caracas Session,” American Journal of International Law 69: 1-30.

────── 1975. “The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1975 Geneva Session,” American Journal of International Law 69: 763-797.

Surace-Smith, Kathryn. 1984. “United States Activity Outside of the Law of the Sea Convention: Deep Seabed Mining and Transit Passage,” Columbia Law Review 84: 1032-1058.

Van der Vyver, Johan D. 1998. “Universality and Relativity of Human Rights: American Relativism,” Buffalo Human Rights Review 4: 43-78.

─────── 2001. “American Exceptionalism: Human Rights, International Criminal Justice, and National Self-Righteousness,” Emory Law Journal 50: 775-832.

Wedgwood, Ruth. 1998. “Fiddling in Rome: America and the International criminal Court,” Foreign Affairs 77: 20-24.

Wind, Marlene. 2009. “Challenging Sovereignty? The USA and the Establishment of the International Criminal Court,” Ethics & Global Politics 2: 83-108.

Yandle, Bruce and Stuart Buck. 2002. “Bootleggers, Baptists, and the Global Warming Battle,” Harvard Environmental Law Review 26: 177-229.

The Panel on the Law of Ocean Uses. 1998, “Statement by Expert Panel: Deep Seabed Mining and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea,” American Journal of International Law 82: 363-369.

E.U. Official Information

The Council of the European Union, 1993, Concerning the Conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Council Decision 94/69/EC of 15 December 1993 (1994), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994D0069:EN:HTML

U.S. Government Information

Documents

Bohlen, E.U. Curtis. 1991. Assistant Secretary for Oceans, International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. State Department, “Climate Change Negotiations Begin,” Statement before the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Washington, D.C. February 5. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 2: 129.

Bolton, John R. 2002. Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, U.S. State Department, “Letter of John R. Bolton to U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan,” May 6. Available at http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/9968.htm

Bush, George H. W. 1992. “U.S. Signs Climate Convention,” Excerpts from Remarks at a News Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. June 13. U.S. Department of States Dispatch 3: 2.

Bush, George W. 2001. “Letter to Members of the Senate on the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change,” March 13. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 37: 444-445.

─────── 2001. “Remarks on Global Climate Change,” June 11. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 37: 876-879.

Clinton, William J. 1995. “Remarks at the University of Connecticut in Storrs,” October 15. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 31:1840-1846.

────── 1997. “Remarks at National Geographic Society,” October 22. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 33: 1629-1634.

────── 2000. “Statement on the Rome Treaty on the International Criminal Court,” December 31. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 37: 1843.

Eizenstat, Stuart E. 1998. Under Secretary for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs, U.S. State Department, “Remarks at UNFCCC Fourth Conference of the Parties Buenos Aires, Argentina,” November 12. Available athttp://www.state.gov/www/policy_remarks/1998/981112_eizen_climate.html

Ford, Gerald R, Jr., 1976. “Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976: Statement by the President upon Signing H.R. 200 into Law,” April 13. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documentary 12: 644.

Grossman, Marc. 2002. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, U.S. State Department, “American Foreign Policy and International Criminal Court,” Remark to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C. May 6. Available at http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/us/rm/9949.htm

Kissinger, Henry A. 1975. Secretary of State, “International Law, World, and Human Progress,” August 11. Department of State Bulletin 73: 353-362.

─────── 1976. Secretary of State, “The Law of the Sea: A Test of International Cooperation,” April 8. Department of State Bulletin 74: 533-542.

Malone, James L. 1984. Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. State Department, in an address to the Law of the Sea Institute, September 24. State Department Release Current Policy No. 617.

Negroponte, John D. 2002. U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, “Vote About the International Criminal Court,” Remarks at stakeout following UN Security Council vote on Resolution 1422, New York, N.Y. July 12. Available at http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/rls/rm/2002/11846.htm

Nixon, Richard M. 1970. “United States Policy for the Seabed,” May 23. Department of State Bulletin 62: 737-742.

Reagan, Ronald W. 1982. “Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,” January 29. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18: 94-95.

────── 1983. “United States Oceans Policy,” March 10. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documentary 19: 383-384.

Richardson, Elliot L. 1977. Ambassador at Large and Special Representative for the Law of the Sea Conference, “Law of the Sea Conference: Problems and Progress,” July 20. Department of State Bulletin 77: 389-391.

─────── 1980. “Seabed Mining and Law of the Sea,” September 24. Department of State Bulletin 80: 60-64.

Richardson, Bill. 1998. U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., “Statement in the Plenary Session of the U.N. Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court,” June 17. Available at http://www.un.org/icc/speeches/617usa.htm

Scheffer, David J. 1998. U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues and Head of the U.S. Delegation to the U.N. Diplomatic Conference, Address at University of Oklahoma College of Law. February 24. Available at http://www.state.gov/www/policy_remarks/1998/980224_scheffer_crimes.html

Stevenson, John R. 1971. Legal Adviser of the Department of State, “U.S. Draft Articles on Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to U.N. Seabeds Committee,” August 3. Department of State Bulletin 65: 261-268.

Timothy E. Wirth, 1996. Under Secretary for Global Affairs, U.S. State Department, “Making the International Climate Change Process Work,” Remarks before the Second Conference of the Parties Framework Convention on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, July 17. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 7 (1996): 376-378.

Hearings

U.S. Congress. 1998. Committee on Foreign Relations. Implications of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 105th Cong., February11.

U.S. Congress. 1998. Committee on Foreign Relations. Is a U.N. International Criminal Court in the U.S. National Interest? Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 105th Cong., July 23.

Resolution

105th Congress, Congressional Record 143 (25 July 1997): §§ 8138-8139.

Law

Fishery Conversation and Management Act, United States Code 16 (1976): §§ 1801-1882 (1 March 1977).

Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, United States Code 30 (1980): §§ 1401-1473 (28 June 1980).

American Servicemembers’ Protection Act, United States Code 22 (2002): §§ 7421-7433 (2 August 2002).

Official Report, Press Release

Bush, George W. 2002. The National Security Strategy of the United States, Washington, DC: The White House. Available at http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/nss.pdf

U. S. Congress, 1998. Helems Declares U.N. Criminal Court “Dead-on-Arrival” in Senate without U.S. Veto, Congressional Press Releases, March 26.

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. Energy Markets and Economic Activity (1998), Report No. SROIAF/98-03, p. 140, table 30, available at http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/service/oiaf9803.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change: Basic Information,” available at http://epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html

White House, The. 1983. Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: United States Oceans Policy. March 10.

White House, The. 2001. Climate Change Review Interim Report. available at http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/c4073.htm

International Agreements

Belgium-France-Federal Republic of Germany-Italy-Japan-Netherlands-United Kingdom-United States: Provisional Understanding Regarding Deep Seabed Mining (Done at Geneva, 3 August 1984; entered into force, 2 September 1984).

France-Federal Republic of Germany-United Kingdom-United States: Agreement Concerning Interim Arrangements Relating to Polymetallic Nodules of the Deep Sea Bed (Done at Washington and entered into force, 2 September 1982).

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adopted on 11 December 1997, entered into force 6 February 2005).

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (dopted on 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002).

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (adopted on 30 April 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adopted on May 9, 1992, entered into force 21 May 1994)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (opened for signature 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980)

U.N. Documents

Rome Statute

United Nations, General Assembly, 44th Session, Letter dated 21 August 1989 from the Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago to the Secretary- General, U.N. Doc. A/44/195 (21 August 1989).

United Nations, General Assembly, 44th Session, International Criminal Responsibility of Individuals and Entities Engaged in Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs Across National Frontiers and Other Transnational Criminal Activities: Establishment of an International Criminal Court with Jurisdiction Over Such Crimes, U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/39 (4 December 1989).

United Nations, General Assembly, 47th Session, Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-Fourth Session, U.N. Doc. A/RES/47/33 (9 February 1992).

United Nations, International Law Commission, 46th Session, 2 May - 22 July 1994, Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-Sixth Session, U.N. Doc.A/49/10 (2 May – 22 July 1994) [Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court].

United Nations, International Law Commission, 46th Session, 2 May - 22 July 1994, Comments of Governments on the Report of the Working Group on a Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/458/Add. 7 (24 June 1994).

United Nations, General Assembly, 49th Session, Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/RES/49/53 (9 December 1994).

United Nations, General Assembly, 50th Session, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/50/22 (6 September 1995).

United Nations, General Assembly, 50th Session, Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/RES/50/46 (11 December 1995).

United Nations, Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 1th & 2nd Session, 16 March - 3 April, 12 - 30 August 1996, Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Vol.1, U.N. Doc. A/51/22 (13 September 1996).

United Nations, Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 2nd Session, 12 - 30 August 1996, U.N. Doc. A/AC.249/WP.51.

United Nations, General Assembly, 51th Session, Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/RES/51/207 (17 December 1996).

United Nations, General Assembly, 52th Session, Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/RES/52/160 (15 December 1997).

United Nations, Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 6th Session, 16 March - 3 April 1998, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, an Inform Discussion Paper Submitted by Germany, U.N. Doc. A/AC.249/1998/DP.2 (23 March 1998).

United Nations, Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 6th Session, 16 March - 3 April 1998, Proposal by Argentina and Germany, Article 46, Information Submitted to the Prosecutor, U.N. Doc. A/AC.249/1998/W.G.4/DP. 35 (25 March 1998).

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 15 June - 17 July 1998, the Proposal Submitted by the Republic of Korea, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/L.6 (18 June 1998).

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 15 June - 17 July 1998, Proposal Submitted by the United States of America, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/L.70 (14 July 1998).

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 15 June - 17 July 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/L.76 & U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/L.76/Add.1-14 (16 July 1998).

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 15 June - 17 July 1998, Proposal Submitted by the United States of America, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/L.90 (16 July 1998).

United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 15 June - 17 July 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/SR.42 (17 July 1998).

United Nations, General Assembly, 53th Session, 6th Committee, 9th meeting, Agenda item 153: Establishment of an international criminal court (21 October 1998), U.N. Doc. A/C.6/53/SR.9 (4 November 1998).

United Nations, Security Council, 4568th Meeting, The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter dated 3 July 2002 from the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2002/723), U.N. Doc. S/PV.4568 (10 July 2002).

United Nations, Security Council, 4572nd Meeting, Resolution 1422, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1422 (12 July 2002).

United Nations, Security Council, 4803rd Meeting, Resolution 1497, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1497 (1 August 2003).

Kyoto Protocol

United Nations, General Assembly, 43rd Session, Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind, U.N. Doc. A/RES/43/53 (6 December 1988).

United Nations, General Assembly, 44th Session, Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind, U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/207 (12 December 1989).

United Nations, General Assembly, 45th Session, Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind, U.N. Doc. A/RES/45/212 (21 December 1990).

United Nations, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2nd Session, 19-28 June 1991, Preparation of A Framework Convention on Climate Change: Set of Informal Papers Provides by Delegations, Related to the Preparation of a Framework Convention on Climate Change, U.N. Doc. A/AC.237/Misc.1/Add.1 (22 May 1991).

United Nations, Ministerial Conference of Developing Countries on Environment and Development, Beijing Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development (June 19, 1991), U.N. Doc. A/CONF.151/PC/85, Annex (13 August 1991).

United Nations, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11th Session, 6-17 February 1995, Matters Relating to Commitments: Review of the Adequacy of Commitments in Article 4, Paras. 2 (A) and (B), U.N. Doc. A/AC.237/L.23 (27 September 1994).

United Nations, the 1st United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, 28 March - 7 April, 1995, Decisions Adopted by the Conference of the Parties, Decision 1/CP.1: The Berlin Mandate: Review of the Adequacy of Article 4, paragraph 2 (a) and (b), of the Convention, Including Proposals Related to a Protocol and Decisions on Follow-up, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1 (6 June 1995).

United Nations, the 2nd United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, 8-19 July 1995, Review of the Implementation of the Convention and of Decision of the First Session of the Conference of the Parties: Ministerial Declaration, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/1996/L.17 (18 July 1996).

United Nations, the 2nd United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, 8-19 July 1995, Report of Conference of the Parties on its Second Session, Held at Geneva from 8 to 19 July 1996. U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP1/1996/15 (29 October 1996).

United Nations, Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 5th Session, 9-13 December 1996, Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Additional Proposals from Parties, U.N. Doc. FCCC/AGBM/1996/MISC.2/Add.4 (10 December 1996).

United Nations, Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 7th Session, 31 July - 7 August 1997, Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Additional Proposals from Parties, U.N. Doc. FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.1/Add.2 (5 May 1997).

United Nations, Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, 8th Session, 22-31 October 1997, Implementation of the Berlin Mandate: Proposals from Parties, U.N. Doc. FCCC/AGBM/1997/MISC.1/Add.6 (23 October 1997).

United Nations, the 15th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, 7-18 December 2009, Draft Decision -/ CP. 15: Copenhagen Accord, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/L.7 (18 December 2009).

Law of the Sea

United Nations, General Assembly, 22nd Session, Declaration and Treaty Concerning the Reservation Exclusively for Peaceful Purposes of the Sea-Bed and of the Ocean Floor, Underlying the Seas Beyond the Limits of Present National Jurisdiction, and the Use of their Resources in the Interest of Mankind, U.N. Doc. A/6695 (XXII) (18 August 1967).

United Nations, General Assembly, 22nd Session, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of Nations Jurisdiction, U. N. Doc. A/RES/2340 (XXII) (18 December 1967).

United Nations, General Assembly, 23rd Session, Examination of the question of the reservation exclusively for peaceful purposes of the sea-bed and the ocean floor, and the subsoil thereof, underlying the high seas beyond the limits of present national jurisdiction, and the use of their resources in the interests of mankind, U. N. Doc. A/RES/2467 (XXIII) (21 December 1968).

United Nations, Seabed Committee, United States Draft of U.N. Convention on International Seabed Area, U.N. Doc. A/AC.138/25 (3 August 1970).

United Nations, General Assembly, 25th Session, 1970, Declaration on Principles Governing the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and the Subsoil Thereof Beyond the Limits of Nations Jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/RES/2749 (XXV) (17 December 1970).

United Nations, Seabed Committee, Draft Articles on the Breadth of the Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries Submitted to Sub-Committee II by the United States of America, U.N. Doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/L.4 (1971).

United Nations, Seabed Committee, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Draft Articles on Straits Used for International Navigation, U.N. Doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/L.7 (25 July 1971).

United Nations, Seabed Committee, Working Paper on the Regime for the Sea Bed and Ocean Floor and Its Subsoil Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/AC.138/49 (4 August 1971).

United Nations, General Assembly, 27th Session, Reservation Exclusively for Peaceful Purposes of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor, and the Subsoil Thereof, Underlying the High Seas Beyond the Limits of Present National Jurisdiction and Use of Their Resources in the Interests of Mankind, and Convening of a Conference on the Law of the Sea, U.N. Doc. A/RES/3029 (XXVII) (18 December 1972).

United Nations, Seabed Committee, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Philippines, Spain, Yemen: Draft Articles on Navigation Through the Territorial Sea, U.N. Doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/L.18 (27 March 1973).

United Nations, General Assembly, 29th Session, Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, U.N. Doc. A/RES/S-6/3201 (XXIX) (1 May 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, United Kingdom: Draft Articles on the Territorial Sea and Straits, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.2/L.3 (3 July 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, Summary Records of Meetings of the Second Committee: 12th Meeting, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.2/SR.12 (22 July 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, United States of America: Draft Appendix to the Law of the Sea Treaty Concerning Mineral Resource Development in the International Sea-Bed Area, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.1/L.6 (13 August 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, Text on Conditions of Exploration and Exploitation Prepared by the Group of Seventy-Seven, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.1/L.7 (16 August 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, United States of American: Working Paper on the Economic Effects of Deep Sea-Bed Exploitation, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.1/L.5 (8 August 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 2nd Session, 20 June - 29 August 1974, Chile: Working Paper on the Economic Implications for the Developing Countries of the Exploration of the Sea-Bed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/C.1/L.11 (26 August 1974).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 3rd Session, 17 March - 9 May, 1975, Informal Single Negotiating Text, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.8 (7 May 1975).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 4th Session, 15 March - 7 May 1976, Revised Single Negotiating Text, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.8/Rev.1 (6 May 1976).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 6th Session, 23 May - 15 July 1977, Informal Composite Negotiating Text, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.10 (10 July 1977).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 8th Session, Part 1, 19 March - 27 April 1979, Informal Composite Negotiating Text, Revision 1, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.10/ Rev.1 (28 April 1979).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 9th Session, Part 1, 3 March - 4 April 1980, Informal Composite Negotiating Text, Revision 2, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.10/ Rev.2 (11 April 1980).

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 9th Session, Part 2, 28 July - 29 August 1980, Informal Composite Negotiating Text, revision 3, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/WP.10/Rev.3 (22 September 1980) [Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea (Informal Text)].

United Nations, The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 11th Session, 8 March – 30 April 1982, Part 1, 182nd Plenary Meeting, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.62/SR.182 (30 April 1982).

Koh, Tommy T. B. 1982. A Constitution for the Oceans. December 6-11. Available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/koh_english.pdf

Popular magazine article

Alexander, Tom. 1982. The Reaganites’s Misadventures at Sea. Fortune, August 23.

Economist, The. 1981. Sea Lawyers Tempest-tossed; But not Necessarily Capsized by that Sudden American Gale. The Economist, April 4.

Fine, Howard and Karen Breslau. 1997. Gore Feels the Heat. Newsweek, October 27.

Kluger, Jeffrey. 2001. A Climate of Despair. Time, April 9.

Knight, Danielle. 1997. Environment-U.S.: Millions Spent in Fight Against Climate Treaty. Inter Press Service, September 12.

Lemonick, Michael D. et al. 1997. Courting Disaster. Time, November 3.

Newspaper article

Craig, Larry E. 2001. Under the U.N. Gravel. Washington Post, August 22.

Gutfield, Rose. 1992. How Bush Achieved Global Warming Pact with Modest Goals Wall Street Journal, May 27.

Gwertzman, Bernard. 1981. U.S. Bars Treaty for Now on Use of Sea Resources. New York Times, March 4.

Helms, Jesse. 1998. We Must Slay this Monster. Financial Times, July 31.

Kahn, Joseph. 2001. Bush Advisers on Energy Report Ties to Industry. New York Times, June 3.

Kofi, Annan. 1998. A Step Towards Universal Human Rights. New Straits Times, July 1998.

Schmemann, Serge. 2002. U.S. Vetos Bosnia Mission, Then Allows 3-Day Reprieve. New York Times, July 1.

Pisik, Betsy. 1998. Global Court is No Done Deal; Conferees on criminal tribunal confront 'difficult issues’. Washington Times, June 15.

Washington. 2001. U.S. Won't Follow Climate Treaty Provisions, Whitman Says. New York Times, March 28.

Non-Governmental Organization Information

Brown, Lester R. “The Rise and Fall of the Global Climate Coalition,” Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute (25 July 2000), available at www.earth-policy.org/index.org/index.php?plan_b_updates/2000/alert6＃

Center for Media and Democracy, “Global Climate Coalition,” available at http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition

Center for Responsive Politics, “The Bush Administration's Corporate Connections,” available at http://www.thewaronthemiddleclass.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=151&Itemid=27

Hamilton, Kirsty. “The Oil Industry and Climate Change,” Amsterdam: Greenpeace International (1998): available at http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/the-oil-industry-and-climate-c.pdf

Human Rights Watch, “U.S. : Hague Invasion Act' Becomes Law,” (2 August 2002), available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/08/03/us-hague-invasion-act-becomes-law

NGO Coalition of International Criminal Court, “The Numbers: NGO Coalition Special Report on Country Positions on L.59,” (15 July 1998), available at: http://www.advocacynet.org/resource/377

Paola Bettelli et al., “Highlights From the Meetings of the FCCC Subsidiary Bodies,” Earth Negotiations Bulletin 12 (24 October 1997), available at http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb1260e.pdf

Paola Bettelli et al., “Report of the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: 1-11 December 1997,” Earth Negotiations Bulletin 12 (13 December 1997), available at http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb1276e.pdf

The American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition of the ICC: http://www.amicc.org/usinfo/administration_policy_BIAs.html#agreements

Research Report

Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, 1998. Global Warming: the High Cost of the Kyoto Protocol, National and State Impacts, available at http://www.accf.org/media/dynamic/9/media_98.pdf