摘要
本研究旨在探討台灣與美國大學生語言行為中，情境因素、第二語言接觸程度、冒犯對象之種族以及道歉所使用之語言，對於道歉行為之認知的影響。語料之搜集以五點尺度量表(SRQ)為主，共蒐集9600筆120位台、美大學生之漢、英母語語料以及60位台灣大學生外語語料。結果發現， 兩組學生之部分道歉相關的認知行為相似，也有部分道歉認知有其文化以及其因不同變因而產生的特殊性。其中，四項內在變因中，「嚴重程度評斷」、「道歉可能性」、「道歉困難度」有跨文化的顯著差異；外在變因則有跨文化相似性也有相異性。在跨文化相似性部分，兩組人皆覺得冒犯陌生人和女性比較不嚴重，比較會和熟識度普通或陌生人、地位相當的人道歉，以及對男性道歉較不易等；而顯著文化差異性則表現在低冒犯程度事件、對於冒犯同儕的嚴重度的認知以及在大部份為其冒犯行為「道歉可能性」、「道歉困難度」認知等。道歉時冒犯對象的種族以整體來說並沒有顯著影響。若將台灣大學生分為高與低外語接觸組時，低接觸組在冒犯行為的「嚴重程度評斷」以及「道歉可能性」都顯著較高；在道歉所使用的語言之影響部分，台灣學生對冒犯行為的「嚴重程度評斷」在使用中文時顯著較高，「道歉困難度」則在使用英文時顯著較高，若分為高以及低外語接觸組別時，使用語言為英文時，低接觸組的「嚴重程度評斷」、「道歉可能性」以及「道歉被接受度」都較高，這樣的結果推論道歉所使用的語言及文化學習程度對學習者的語言認知是有顯著影響的，將來的研究應更進一步分析這些認知的差異是否影響著學習者的行為，將可對學習者中介語行為有更深與更廣的認識。

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of contextual factors, participants’ exposure to the target language, interlocutors’ ethnicity and task language on Chinese and English speakers’ perception of the speech act of apology. The data were collected from sixty English L1 speakers, 60 Chinese L1 speakers and 60 Chinese EFL speakers. They consisted of responses on and of apology to a Scaled-response Questionnaire (SRQ). The SRQ data showed both similarities and significant differences between the two L1 groups under different contextual factors. First, the two groups differed in terms of all the four context-internal factors; i.e. severity of the offense, likelihood to apologize, difficulty of the apology and the acceptability of the apology. As for the SRQ answers concerning the five context-external factors, social distance, social status, speaker gender, interlocutor gender and imposition, there were both similarities and differences between the two L1 groups. For example, both groups considered it less severe to offend strangers and were more likely to apologize to acquaintances and people of equal status. Furthermore, both groups found it more severe to offend and more difficult to apologize to male than to female interlocutors. On the other hand, cross-cultural differences were found in the perception of the severity on low imposition situations and on people of equal status and acquaintances. There were also various cross-cultural differences in the likelihood to apologize and difficulty of the apology perception ratings.
Ethnicity did not yield significant results among Chinese L1s. However, low-exposure group rated severity and likelihood to apologize higher than high-exposure group did. Severity of the offense was significantly higher and the difficulty of the apology was significantly lower when the participants were using Chinese L1. When compared with the high exposure group, low exposure group’s perception ratings were higher in the severity of the offense, likelihood to apologize and acceptability of the apology. The results may infer that ethnicity and task language play important roles in learners’ perceptions. Future researches could focus on the relationship between learners’ perception and production to broaden and deepen the understanding of learner language.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Purpose of the Study 5
1.3 Organization of the Thesis 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Politeness 8
2.1.1 Western Politeness 9
2.1.2 Eastern Politeness 10
2.1.2.1 Gu 11
2.1.2.2 Mao 12
2.2 Speech Act 12
2.2.1 Interlanguage Pragmatics (ILP) 13
2.2.2 Pragmalinguistics vs. Sociopragmatics 15
2.2.3 CCSARP 15
2.3 Apology 16
2.3.1 Definition 16
2.3.2 Apology Strategies 17
2.3.3 Previous Studies on Apology 20
2.3.3.1 Studies on First Languages 21
2.3.3.2 Cross-cultural and Interlanguage Studies 22
2.4 Summary 24
CHAPTER 3 METHOD 26
3.1 Participants 26
3.2 Materials 27
3.2.1 Scenarios 28
3.2.2 Perception Task: Scaled-response Questions 30
3.2.3 Production Task: Discourse Completion Tasks 31
3.3 Procedure 31
3.4 Data Analysis 32
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33
4.1 Chinese L1 Data vs. English L1 Data 33
4.2 Chinese L1 Data vs. English L1 Data and Contextual Factors 35
4.2.1 Severity of the Situation 36
4.2.1.1 Imposition 37
4.2.1.2 Speaker Gender 38
4.2.1.3 Interlocutor Gender 38
4.2.1.4 Social Status 38
4.2.1.5 Social Distance 39
4.2.2 Likelihood to Apologize 39
4.2.2.1 Imposition 41
4.2.2.2 Speaker Gender 41
4.2.2.3 Interlocutor Gender 42
4.2.2.4 Social Status 42
4.2.2.5 Social Distance 43
4.2.3 Difficulty of the Apology 44
4.2.3.1 Imposition 45
4.2.3.2 Speaker Gender 46
4.2.3.3 Interlocutor Gender 47
4.2.3.4 Social Status 47
4.2.3.5 Social Distance 47
4.2.4 Acceptability of the Apology 48
4.2.4.1 Imposition 49
4.2.4.2 Speaker Gender 50
4.2.4.3 Interlocutor Gender 50
4.2.4.4 Social Status 50
4.2.4.5 Social Distance 50
4.3 Interlocutor’s Ethnicity 51
4.4 Questionnaire Language 52
4.5 Exposure to the Target Language / Culture 54
4.5.1 Ethnicity 54
4.5.2 Language 55
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 58
5.1 Summary 58
5.2 Implications and Suggestions 60
5.3 Limitation of the Study 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX 73
I. Background Questionnaire for Chinese 73
II. Chinese SRQ + DCT Questions (Order 1) 74
III. English SRQ + DCT Questions (Order 2) 81
IV. Offense Types (Holmes, 1990, 1998; Deutschmann, 2003) 88
V. Shih’s (2006) Overall Occurrence Number and Percentage Frequency of the Eight Main Apology Strategies Used by Chinese L1s and English L1s 89

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