摘要
為瞭解南海是否為磷限制海域，本研究由二方面著手，一為水體中磷鹽量之測定，包括磷酸鹽(SRP)、有機磷(DOP)，以及鹼性磷酸酵素活性(APA)之檢測，此探討涵蓋不同季節，陸棚與海盆廣泛測站之不同深度。一為營養鹽添加試驗，於南海陸棚及海盆區代表性測站，以其表水添加硝酸鹽、磷酸鹽，觀察培養期間的葉綠素甲濃度之變化。
南海各測站表水，除夏季陸棚測站及珠江口外，營養鹽濃度相當低，﹝NO3+NO2﹞平均濃度為20 nM (秋季) ─360 nM (冬季)，SRP平均濃度為16 nM (秋季) ─87 nM(冬季)，DOP平均濃度為0.08

Abstract

This research was conducted to understand whether phosphorus limits the phytoplankton production in the South China Sea (SCS). In the nutrient enrichment experiments nitrate and phosphate were supplemented to surface sea water and the enhancement of chlorophyll a concentration during incubation was observed. Seasonal field survey was conducted to measure ambient abundance of phosphorus including phosphate (SRP) and dissolve organic phosphorus (DOP), as well as alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the nautral sea water in the contiential shelf and basin of the SCS.

Except at the contiential shelf in summer and the mouth of Zhu Jiang River in fall, the nutrient concentration of surface water was low in the SCS. The average﹝NO3+NO2﹞was 20 nM (fall) - 360 nM (winter ). The average SRP concentration was 16 nM (fall) - 87 nM (winter). The average DOP concentration was 0.08 μM (summer)- 0.25 μM (winter). The ﹝NO3+NO2﹞/ SRP ratio was smaller than the Redfield N/P ratio of 16. The average chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) was 0.13 μg l-1 (summer) - 0.48 μg l-1 (winter). The average concentration of the particlulate organic carbon (POC) was 4.58 μM (spring) - 8.11 μM (winter). The average APA was 16 n mol l-1 h-1 (fall) - 87 n mol l-1h-1 (winter). The average of APA/Chl a was 33.94 n mol μg -1 h-1 (winter) - 97.22 n mol μg -1 h-1 (spring).

The results of the enrichment experiment show that the phosphorus deficiency was observed on the contiential shelf in the summer of 2001 and at the mouth of Zhu Jiang in the fall of 2002. The common characteristics of the phosphorus deficient regions were low salinity (29.90- 30.87 psu ), high﹝NO3+NO2﹞(1.31 - 3.01 μM) , and a ﹝NO3+NO2﹞/ SRP ratio higher than 16. Chl a increased significantly (p<0.05) by the enrichments of phosphorus. In spring and winter when all regions were N-limited, N enrichment significantly (p<0.05) increased Chl a. In fall, all the contiential shelf region except the mouth of Zhu Jiang River, the slope and basin regions were NP co-limited. The Bashi Strait in summer was also NP co-limited.

P-limitation that was seen in the contiential shelf SCS and at Zhu Jiang River mouth, was probably caused by the influence of river discharge. N/P, SRP or APA were not effective parameters to assess whether marine phytoplankton growth was limited phosphorus, nitrogen or both. In the SCS, the P-limited water masses were, in general, low in salinity, high in﹝NO3+NO2﹞,Chl a,﹝NO3+NO2﹞ / Chl a, APA and a N/P ratio higher than 16. The water masses that were N-limited was high in salinity, and low in﹝NO3+NO2﹞, Chl a,﹝NO3+NO2﹞/ Chl a and APA, as well as a N/P ratio smaller than 16. The water masses that were nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited were different from the N-limited ones in that they were low in SRP, SRP/Chl a, and DOP. The SRP and DOP concentration in the NP co-limited region were 11 - 28 nM and 0.09 - 0.23

目錄
章次 頁數
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………I
英文摘要……………………………………………………………….……...……..III
目錄………………………………………………………………….………...……..VI
表目錄………………………………………………………………….………… VII
圖目錄…….……………………………………………………………….…… VIII
附錄目錄….…………………………………………………………….……… IX
前言………………………………………………………………………….….…….1
文獻回顧………………………………………………………………………..……..3
材料方法……………………………………………………………………………..10
結果…………………………………………………………………………………..19
討論…………………………………………………………………………………..36
結論…………………………………………………………………………………..48
表………………………………………………………………………………..……49
圖……………………………………………………………………………………..77
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………...……..96
附錄……………………………………………………………………..…………..103
圖目錄
頁數
圖一：位在大腸桿菌細胞膜上的鹼性磷酸酵素…………………………………..77圖二：南海海域採樣測站圖………………...……….……………………………..78
圖三：南海春季航次測站…...……………………….……………………………..79
圖四：南海夏季航次測站…………………………………………………………80
圖五：南海秋季航次測站…………………………………………………………81
圖六：南海冬季航次測站…………………………………………………………...82
圖七：南海海域2001年6月測站5營養鹽添加培養…………………………….83
圖八：南海海域2001年6月測站5營養鹽添加培養期間SRP、APA、Chl a的
關係….………………..…………………………………………………84
圖九：南海海域2001年6月測站5營養鹽添加培養，SRP現存量與APA之
關係……..………………………………………………………………….85
圖十：南海海域2001年6月測站5添加培養期間，逐日之SRP現存量與APA及APA/Chl a之關係.……………….……………………………………….86
圖十一：南海海域2001年6月測站5添加培養，添加磷鹽的第一天，SRP現 存量、APA關係…………………………………………………………….87
圖十二：南海海域2001年6月測站4營養鹽添加培養…………………………..88
圖十三：南海海域2002年10月測站8營養鹽添加培養…………………………89
圖十四：各測站PC1對PC2 PC3作圖(添加培養)…………………………………..90
圖十五：各測站PC1對PC2 PC3作圖(自然狀態)………………………………….91
圖十六：表水SRP低於80 nM測站的APA與SRP之關係……….…..…………..92
圖十七：表水SRP低於80 nM測站的APA與Chl a，及SRP與Chl a之關係……93
圖十八：表水APA/Chl a與SRP，及DOP之關係…………………………………...94
圖十九：表水SRP與溶解態的aqueous APA (LAPA)及總APA (TAPA)之關係…95
表目錄
頁數
表一：南海海域測站位置、原始站名、底深及海底型態………………………… 49
表二：春季航次(OR1-606),各現場實際採樣日期、經緯度、底深、開始時間、氣溫、風向、風速及氣壓……………………………………………………….50
表三：夏季航次(OR1-606),各現場實際採樣日期、經緯度、底深、開始時間、氣溫、風向、風速及氣壓……………………………………………………….51
表四：秋季航次(OR1-606),各現場實際採樣日期、經緯度、底深、開始時間、氣溫、風向、風速及氣壓……………………………………………………….52
表五：冬季航次(OR1-606),各現場實際採樣日期、經緯度、底深、開始時間、氣溫、風向、風速及氣壓…………………………….…..……………………. 53
表六：南海海域表水營養鹽的四季變動…………………………………………...54
表七：南海海域的表水營養鹽空間上的變動…………………………………….55
表八：南海海域的表水葉綠素甲、顆粒性有機磷及顆粒性有機碳四季變動……56
表九：南海海域的表水葉綠素甲、顆粒性有機磷及顆粒性有機碳空間上變動…57
表十：南海海域的表水鹼性磷酸酵素活性的四季變動…………………………...58
表十一：南海海域的表水鹼性磷酸酵素活性的空間上變動……………….……..59
表十二：南海海域的表水單位葉綠素甲的營養鹽現存量之四季變動….….…….60
表十三：南海海域的表水單位葉綠素甲的營養鹽現存量之空間上變動…..…….61
表十四：南海海域的表水溫度、鹽度、密度與水文資料之四季變動……………..62
表十五：南海海域的表水溫度、鹽度、密度與水文資料之空間上………………..63
表十六：南海海域表層水經營養鹽添加培養，試驗期間，加磷鹽組之葉綠素甲顯著高於控制組的測站…………….……………………………………………64
表十七：南海海域表層水經營養鹽添加培養，試驗期間，同時加氮鹽和磷鹽組之葉綠素甲顯著高於控制組的測站.……………………………………………65
表十八：南海海域表層水經營養鹽添加培養，試驗期間，加氮鹽組之葉綠素甲顯著高於控制組的測站………….………………………………………………69
表十九：南海海域2001年6月測站5表水營養鹽添加培養，試驗期間，海水磷組成與鹼性磷酸酵素活性的變化…………………………………………….72
表二十：南海海域2001年6月測站5表水營養鹽添加培養，試驗期間，顆粒性有機碳氮磷，POC/POP與PON/POP的變化………………………………….73
表二十一：主成分分析前三個因子與各環境因子之關係….…………………….74
表二十二：南海海域表水營養鹽狀態的水體特性….……………………………75
表二十三：推論自然狀態的營養，主成分分析所得前三個主成分與各環境因子之關係…………………………………………………………………………….76

附錄目錄
頁數
附錄 1：營養鹽的垂直分布……………………………………………………… 103
附錄2：鹼性磷酸酵素活性(APA)、單位葉綠素甲之鹼性磷酸酵素活性(APA/Chl a)、單位顆粒性有機碳之鹼性磷酸酵素活性(APA/POC)、葉綠素甲(Chl a)與顆粒性有機碳(POC)的垂直分布…..…………………………..……120
附錄 3：南海海域表水的溶解態鹼性磷酸酵素活性(LAPA, aqueous APA)與總APA (TAPA)的四季變動…………………………………………………….130

參考文獻
李玉玲，2000。南海海域水層混合、營養鹽、硝酸鹽吸收及浮游植物體型之關係。八十九年度國科會海洋科學學門計劃研究成果發表會論文集, 169-171頁.
Berland, B. R., D. J. Bonin, S. Y. Maestrini. 1980. Azote ou phosphore? Considerations sur le paradoxe nutritionalnel de la mer mediterranee. Oceanologica Acta 3:135-142.
Bethoux, J. P., and G. Copin-Montegut. 1986. Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mediterranean Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 31:1353-1358.
Bethoux, J. P., P. Morin, C. Madec, and B. Gentill. 1992. Phosphorus and nitrogen behavior in the Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Research II 39: 1641-1654.
Block, M. A., and A. R. Grossman. 1988. Identification and purification of a depressible alkaline phosphatase from Anacystis nidulans R2. Plant Physiology 86: 1179-1184.
Boyd, P., and P. J. Harrison. 1999. Phytoplankton dynamics in the NE subarctic Pacific. Deep-sea Research II 46: 2405-2432.
Cembella, A. D., N. J. Antia, and P. J. Harrison. 1984. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus-compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae.- A multidisciplinary perspective. Part 1. CRC Critical in Review Microbiology 10:317-391.
Chen, Y. L., H. Lu, F. Shiah, G. Gong, K. Liu, J. and L. Kanda. 1999. New production and f-ratio on the continental shelf of East China Sea: comparisons between nitrate inputs from the subsurface Kuroshio Current and Changjiang River. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48: 59-75.
Chen, Y. L., H. Y. Chen, D. M. Karl and M. Takahashi. 2004. Nitrogen modulates phytoplankton growth in spring in the South China Sea. Continental Shelf Researh 24: 527-541.
Coale, K. H., K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, S. Tanner, F. P. Chavez, L. Ferioli, C. Sakamoto, P. Rogers, F. Milleror, P. Steinberg, P. Nightingale, D. Cooper, W. P. Cochlan, M. R. Landry, J. Constantinou, G. Rollwagen, A. Trasvina, and R. Kudela. 1996. A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383: 495-501.
Conley, D. J., W. M. Smith, J. C. Cornwell, and T. R. Fisher. 1995. Transformation of partical bound phosphorus at the land-sea interface. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 40: 161-176.
Cotner, J. B., and R. G. Wetzel. 1992. Uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 37: 232-243.
Cotner, J. B., J. W. Ammerman, E. R. Peele, and E. Bentzen. 1997. Phosphorus-limited bacterioplankton growth in the Sargasso Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 13: 141-149.
Cotner, J. B., and R. B. Wetzel. 1991. Bacterial phosphatases from different habits in a small, hardwater lake. Pages 187-205 in R. J. Chrost, editor. Microbial enzymes in aquatic environments. Springer Verlag, New York.
Done J., C. D. Shorey, J. P. Loke, and J. K. Pollak. 1965. The cytochemical location of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli at the electron-microscope level. The Biochemical Journal 96: 27
Duce, R. A., and N. W. Tindale. 1991. Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 36: 1715-1726.
Fanning, K. A. 1992. Nutrient provinces in the sea: Concentration ratios, reaction rate ratios, and ideal covariation. Journal of Geophys Research 97: 5693-5712.
Fisher, T. R., E. R. Peele, J. W. Ammerman, and L. W. Harding. 1992. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 82: 51-63.
Flemer, D., R. J. Livingston, and S. E. McGlynn. 1998. Seasonal growth stimulation of sub-temperate estuarine phytoplankton to nitrogen and phosphorus: an outdoor microcosm experiment. Estuaries 21: 145-159.
Garside, C. 1982. A chemiluminescent technique for the determination of nanmolar concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in seawater. Marine Chemistry 11: 159-167.
Goldman, J. C. 1975. Identification of nitrogen as a growth limiting nutrient in wastewaters and coastal marine waters through continuous culture algal assays. Water Research 10: 97-104.
Gong, G., K. K. Liu, C. Liu, and S. Pai. 1992. The chemical hydrography of the South China Sea west of Luzon and a comparison with the west Philippine Sea. Terrestial Atomspheric and Oceanic Science 3: 587-602.
Harrison, W. G. 1980. Nutrient regeneration and primary production in the sea. Pages 433-460 in P. G. Falkowski, editor. Primary productivity in the sea. Plenum Press, New York.
Harrison, W. G. 1992. Regeneration of nutrients. Pages 385-409 in P. G. Falkowski, and A. V. Woodhead, editors. Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea. Plenum Press, New York.
Healey, F. P. 1978. Physiological indicators of nutrient deficiency in algae. Mitteilungen Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte 21: 34-41.
Hebel, D. V., and D. M. Karl. 2001. Seasonal, interannal and decadal variations in particulate matter concentrations and composition in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 48: 1669-1695.
Hecky, R. E., and P. Kilham.1988. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine environments: A review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment. Limnology and Oceanography 33: 796-822.
Hecky, R. E., P. Cambell, and L. L. Hendzel. 1993. The stoickiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in particulate matter of lakes and oceans. Limnology and Oceanography 38: 709-724.
Hern&aacute;ndez, I., J. A. Fern&aacute;ndez, and F. X. Niell. 1995. A comparative study of alkaline phosphatase activity in two species of Gelidinum (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 30: 69-77.
Hong, H. S., M. H. Dai, B. Q. Huang, and W. Q. Li. 1994. Studies on uptake dynamics of phosphate by phytoplankton in Xiamen Bay. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 25: 54-59.
Huang, B., and H. Hong. 1999. Alkaline phosphatase activity and utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus by algae in subtropical coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39: 205-211.
James, B., J. B. Cotner, and R. G. Wetzel. 1991. 5’-nucleotidase activity in a eutrophic lake and an oligotrophic lake. Apply Environmental Microbiology 57: 1306-1312.
Jansson, M., O. Hakan, and K. Pettersson. 1988. Phosphatases; origin, characteristics and function in lake. Hydrobiologia 170: 157-175.
Karl, D. M., K. M. Bj&ouml;rkman, J. E. Dore, L. Fujieki, D. V. Hebel, T. Houlinhan, R. M. Letelier, and L. M. Tupas. 2001. Ecological nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry at station ALOHA. Deep-Sea Research II 48: 1529-1566.
Karl, D. M., R. Letelier, D. Hebel, L. Tupas, J. Dore, J. Christian, and C. Winn. 1995. Ecosystem changes in the North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 1991-92 EI Nino. Nature 373: 230-234.
Karl, D. M., R. Letelier, L. Tupas, J. Dore, J. Christian, and D. Hebel. 1997. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 388: 533-538.
Karl, D. M., and G. Tien. 1992. MAGIC: a sensitive and precise method for measuring dissolved phosphorus in aquatic environments. Limnology and Oceanography 37: 105-116.
Karl, D. M., and G. Tien. 1997. Temporal variability in dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Marine Chemistry 56: 77-96.
Karl, D. M., and K. Yanagi. 1997. Partial characterization of the dissolved organic phosphorus pool in the oligotrophoic North Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1398-1405.
Klausmeter, C. A., E. Litchman, T. Daufresne, and S. A. Levin. 2004. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature 429: 171-174.
Kimor, B., and B. Golandsky. 1977. Microplankton of the Gulf of Elat: Aspects of seasonal and bathymetric distribution. Marine Biology 42: 55-67.
Koroleff, F. 1983. Determination of total phosphorus . Pages 167-173 in K. Grasshoff, M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling, editors. Methods for Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Krom, M. D., N. Kress, and S. Brenner. 1991. Phosphorus limitation of primary productive in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 36: 424-432.
Kuenzeler, E. L., and J. P. Perras. 1965. Phosphatase of marine algae. The Biological Bulletin 128: 271-284.
Lande, R., W. Li, E. Horne, A. Wood. 1989. Phytoplankton growth rates estimated from depth profiles of cell concentration and turbulent diffusion. Deep-Sea Research 36: 1141-1159.
Lean, D. R. S., A. A. Abbott, and F. R. Pick. 1987. Phosphorus deficiency of lake Ontario phytoplankton. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 2069-1076.
Li, H., M. J. W. Veldhhuis, and A. F. Post. 1998. Alkaline phosphatase activities among planktonic communities in the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173: 107-115.
Malone, T. C., D. J. Conley, T. R. Fisher, P. M. Glibert, L. W. Harding, and K. G. Sellner. 1996. Scales of nutrient-limited phytoplankton productivity in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 19: 371-385.
Martin, J. H., K. H. Coale, K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, S. J. Tanner, C. N. Hunter, V. A. Elrod, J. L. Nowicki, T. L. Coley, R. T. Barber, S. Lindley, A. J. Watson, K. Van Scoy, C. S. Law, M. I. Liddicoat, R. Ling, T. Stanton, J. Stockel, C. Collins, A. Anderson, R. Bidigare, M. Ondrusek, M. Latasa, F. J. Millero, K. Lee, W. Yao, J. Z. Zhang, G. Friederich, C. Sakamoto, F. Chavez, K. Buck, Z. Kolber, R. Greene, P. G. Falkowski, S. W. Chisholm, F. Hoge, R. Swift, J. Yungel, S. Turner, P. Nightingale, A. Hatton, P. Liss, and N. W. Tindale. 1994. Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371: 123-129.
Martin, J. H., and S. Fitzwater. 1988. Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331: 341-343.
McComb, R. B., G. N. Bowers, and S. Posen. 1979. Alkaline phosphatase. Pages 27-287 in R. B. McComb, G. N. Bowers, and S. Posen., editors. Alkaline phosphatase. Plenum Press, New York.
Menzel, D. W., and N. Corwin. 1965. The measurement of total phosphorus in sea water based on the liberation the organically bound fraction by persulphate oxidation. Limnology and Oceanography 10:280-282.
Millero, F. J., and M. L. Sohn. 1992. Micronutrients in the oceans. Pages 321-352 in F. J. Millero and M. L. Sohn, editors. Chemical oceanography. CRC Press, London.
Murphy, J., and J. P. Riley. 1962. A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in nature water. Analytica Chimica Acta 27: 31-36.
Nausch, M. 1998. Alkaline phosphatase activities and the relationship to inorganic phosphate in thee Pomeranian Bight (southern Baltic Sea). Aquatic Microbial Ecology 16: 87-94.
Paerl, H. W., J. Rudek, and M. A. Mallin. 1990. Stimulation of phytoplankton production in coastal waters by natural rainfall inputs: nutritional and trophic implications. Marine Biology 107: 247-254.
Pai, S.C. and J. P. Riley. 1994. Determination of nitrate in presence of nitrite in natural water by flow injection analysis with a non-quantitative on-line cadium reductor. International Jouanal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 57: 263-277.
Pomeroy, L. R., J. E. Sheldon, J. W. M. Sheldon, and F. Peters. 1995. Limits to growth and respiration of bacterioplankton in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117: 259-268.
Raymont, J. E. G.. 1980. Factors limiting primary production: nutrients. Pages 297-345 in J. E. G. Raymont, editor. Plankton and productivity in the ocean. Pergamon Press, London.
Redfield, A. C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist 46: 205-222.
Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards. 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. Pages 26-27 in M. E. Hill, editor. The sea, ideas and observations on progress in the study of the seas, Vol. 2. Interscience, New York.
Rhee, G. Y. 1978. Effects of N : P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell composition, and nitrate uptake. Limnology and Oceanography 23: 10-25.
Riley, J. P., and R. Chester. 1971. Dissolved and particulate organic compound in the sea. Pages 182-218 in J. P. Riley and R. Chester, editors. Introduction to Marine Chemistry. Academic Press, London.
Ryther, J. P., and W. M. Dunstan. 1971. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science 171: 1008-1013.
Sala, M. M., F. Peters, J. M. Gasol, C. Pedr&oacute;s-Ali&oacute;, C. Marras&eacute;, and D. Vaqu&eacute;. 2002. Seasonal and spatial variations in the nutrient limitation of bacterioplankton growth in the northwestern Mediterranean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 27: 47-56.
Shaw, P. T., and S. Y. Chao. 1994. Surface circulation in the South China Sea. Deep-Sea Research I 141: 1663-1683.
Smith. R. E. H., and J. Kalff. 1981. The effect of phosphorus limitation on algal growth rates: evidence from alkaline phosphatase. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38: 1421-1427.
Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Pages 1-310 in J. C. Stevenson, L. W. Billingsley, and R. H. Wingmore, editors. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Ottawa., Canada.
Suttle, C. A., and P. J. Harrison. 1988. Ammonium and phosphate uptake rates, N:P supply ratios, and evidence for N and P limitation in some oligotrophic lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 33: 186-202.
Thingstad, T. F. and F. Rassoulzadegan. 1995. Nutrient limitations, microbial food webs, and ‘biological C-pumps’: suggested interactions in a P-limited Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117: 299-306.
Thingstad, T. F., U. L. Zweifel, and F. Rassoulzadegan. 1998. P limitation of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in the northwest Mediterranean. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 88-94.
Thomas, W. H. 1970. Effect of ammonium and nitrate concentration on chlorophyll in creases in natural tropical Pacific phytoplankton populations. Limnology and Oceanography 15: 386-394.
Thomson-Bulldis, A., and D. Karl. 1998.Application of a novel method for phosphorus determinations in the oligotrophic North Pacifc Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 1565-1577.
Vargo G. A., and E. Shanley. 1985. Alkaline phosphatase activities in the red-tide dinoflagellate, Ptychodiscus brevis. PSZN I: Marine Ecology 6: 251-264.
Vidal, M., C. M Duarte, S. Agusti, J. M. Gasol, D. Vaque. 2003. Alkaline phosphatase activities in the central Atlantic Ocean indicate large areas with phosphorus deficiency. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262: 43-53.
Vrba, J., V. Vyhnalek, and J. Nedoma. 1995. Comparison of phosphorus deficiency during a spring phytoplankton bloom in a eutrophic reservoir. Freshwater Biology 33:73-81.
Wong, G. T. F., G. C. Gong, K. K. Liu, and S. C. Pai. 1998. ‘Excess Nitrate’ in the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46: 411-418.
Wu, J., W. Sunda, E. A. Boyle, and D. M. Karl. 2000. Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Science 289: 759-762.
Wu, J., S. W. Chung, L. S. Wen, K. K. Liu, Y. L. L. Chen, H. Y. Chen, and D. M. Karl. 2003. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus, dissolved iron, and Trichodesmium in the oligotrophic South China Sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17: 1008-1010.
Wynne, D. and T. Bergstein-Ben Dan. 1995. The effect of light and phosphate concentrations on phosphatase activities of the photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium sp. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41: 278-283.
Yanagi, K., M. Yasuda, and F. Fukui. 1992. Reexamination of the fractionation of total dissolved phosphorus in seawater using a modified UV-irradiation procedure, and its application to samples from Suruga Bay and Antarctic Ocean. Journal of Oceanography 48: 267-281.
Yentsch, C. M., C. S. Yentsch, and J. P. Perras. 1972. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the tropical marine blue-green alga, Oscillatoria erythraea (“Trichodesmium”). Limnology and Oceanography 17: 772-773.
Yin, K., P. Y. Qian, J. C. Chen, D. P. H. Hsieh, and P. J. Harrison. 2000. Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent waters of Hong Kong during summer: preliminary evidence for phosphorus and silicon limitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194: 295-305.
Zhang, J. 1996. Nutrient elements in large Chinese estuaries. Continental Shelf Research 16: 1023-1045.
Zweifel, U. L., B. Norrman, and A. Hagstrom. 1993. Consumption of dissolved organic carbon by marine bacteria and demand for inorganic nutrients. Marine Ecology Progress Series 101: 23-32.