本論文旨在根據哀悼理論，研究維吉尼亞•吳爾芙在《戴洛維夫人》與《燈塔行》中如何表現哀悼。佛洛伊德在一九一八年的論文〈哀悼與憂鬱〉中指出，哀悼工作是人類面臨失去所愛時的正常心理歷程，而失敗的哀悼則會引起憂鬱症。其後的學者根據此論文，各自發展出對哀悼的論述，例如克莉絲蒂娃在她的著作《黑色太陽：抑鬱和憂鬱》中，提出控制哀悼的方法是以昇華的方式掌握已逝之物，而藝術家可藉由創造達成此目標。吳爾芙其作品在《燈塔行》中，便完成了對母親的哀悼。然，為了探索為何吳爾芙在延宕了將近三十年的時光之後，才又回到青少年時期未完成的哀悼工作，本論文轉向《燈塔行》的前一本小說，《戴洛維夫人》，找尋可能的答案。
本論文第一章為緒論，介紹各方學者所提出之哀悼理論以及意識流小說的各類手法，以此為出發點閱讀吳爾芙的兩本作品。第二章以《戴洛維夫人》為例，分析吳爾芙如何利用意識流手法，將男女主角，賽普提姆•華倫•史密斯與克萊麗莎•戴洛維兩人的意識相連結映襯，反映出自己對於哀悼的看法。第三章以《燈塔行》為對象，分析吳爾芙如何在小說中，根據自身經驗，創造麗莉•布里斯科為替身，並再度以意識流手法為敘事手段，重拾並且完成對母親的哀悼工作。第四章統整先前章節結論，指出以意識流手法寫作使得吳爾芙得以用自己的聲音抒發對母親的思念，並且經由小說創造，完成了延遲將近三十年的哀悼工作。

This thesis is focused on Virginia Woolf’s mourning in her Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse based on the theory of the work of mourning. Since Freud’s grounding essay, “Mourning and Melancholia” first appeared in 1918, numerous critics, like John Bowlby and Therese Rando, have followed Freud’s path to study the process of the work of mourning. Julia kristeva also proposes “the sublimatory hold over the lost Thing” as a way of curbing mourning. In To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf restarts her work of mourning, which she fails when her mother, Julia Stephen dies. Woolf writes down and expresses her memories and affections of her mother through her fictional surrogate, Lily Briscoe. Through Lily’s completion of her painting in the end of the novel, Woolf also completes her own work, not only the work of art but also her belated work of mourning. The reason that Woolf writes about her work of mourning in a belated time is that she has not find an appropriate voice of her own to speak out her mind. It is until the creation of Mrs. Dalloway, in which she experiments with the technique of stream-of-consciousness, that Woolf finds a voice of her own. As a result, after the composition of Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf starts her work of mourning in To the Lighthouse.
The first chapter begins with an introduction to the theories of mourning and Robert Humsphrey’s theory of the techniques of stream-of-consciousness in modern novel. The second chapter is the discussion of Mrs. Dalloway. By means of her experiment of the new technique of narration, Woolf is able to reveal her belief of the work of mourning through the doubling of the sane Clarissa Dalloway and the insane Septimus, that any suppression of the work of mourning may cause insanity. The third chapter explains how Woolf restarts her belated work of mourning in To the Lighthouse. Since some of the plots of the novel derive from Woolf’s own experiences, verbalizing her past is Woolf’s first step of her work of mourning. Moreover, Woolf expresses her feelings and sentiments for her mother, represented as Mrs. Ramsay, through Lily Briscoe, the surrogate mourner in the novel. By means of the technique of stream-of-consciousness, Woolf is able to speak out her true thoughts about her mother through Lily’s observation of Mrs. Ramsay. Therefore, in the end of the novel, Woolf and her surrogate, Lily, are finally able to finish their own work of art and of mourning as the story ends. In the last chapter, I suggest that Woolf’s new invention of the technique of stream-of-consciousness as her own voice in Mrs. Dalloway initiates her next novel, To the Lighthouse. This is why Woolf restarts her work of mourning of her mother three decades later—because she is finally able to speak of her own.

Chapter One: Introduction…………………………...1
Chapter Two: Mrs. Dalloway……………………….22
Chapter Three: To the Lighthouse…………………..45
Chapter Four: Conclusion…………………………..76
Works Cited…………………………………………79

Primary sources:
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---. To the Lighthouse. 1927. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

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