面對競爭的電力自由化市場環境下，各家電力公司互相競爭，用戶可以根據電能價格與供電可靠度選擇電力公司。因此，如何改善服務品質，以提供相當程度之可靠度，且較低成本的電力，已成為輸電與配電公司的嚴峻挑戰。傳統上，配電系統於規劃時會將可靠度列入系統規劃中。而現今，更於配電系統饋線操作中加以考量。本研究提出，在配電網路中，考慮一個如何能平衡配電網路效率、開關操作成本及可靠度成本的多目標饋線系統運轉最佳化策略，針對配電系統全年系統運轉的規，將全年饋線負載曲線依負載等級大小，而區分成多段開關組態，同時將隨季節性時間變動之用戶負載曲、饋線區段之故障率及用戶斷電成本納入考量。利用二進位粒子群最佳化演算法技術（BPSO），搜尋全年各負載等級（load level）期間之饋線開關切換排程。提供給電力公司饋線操作員，作為饋線開關切換排程之準則考。本研究結果顯示，若無考量季節性時變因數，只使用單一固定負載及可靠度參數，其全年總成本損失，對電力業者及用戶將有低估的情形產生。

In a deregulated power market, customers would have more choices for their power service and the improvement of service quality has become a challenge to power transmission and distribution companies. Distribution system reliability that was traditionally considered within the planning activities, is now incorporated in the operational environment. This dissertation presents study results of a multi-objective feeder operation optimization problem that considers how to balance network efficiency, switching and reliability costs in a distribution network. The proposed method divides annual feeder load curve into multi periods of load levels and optimizes the feeder configurations for different load levels in annual operation planning. Customer load profiles and seasonal varying data of feeder section failure rates and customer interruption costs are considered. Simulations results demonstrate the time varying effects on the optimal distribution feeder reconfiguration and operation costs. A binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) search is adopted to determine the feeder configuration in each time period. Test results indicate that not considering time varying effects and using only simplified fixed load and reliability parameters could underestimate the total loss to the utility and its customers.

摘要 I
ABSTRAC II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景及動機 1
1-2 文獻回顧 6
1-3 研究內容 15
1-4 主要成果 16
1-5 論文結構說明 17
第二章 電力可靠度成本估算—以高科技產業為例 19
2-1 前言 19
2-2 問卷方法及調查內容 22
2-3 各類產業供電可靠度成本估算 29
2-3-1 積體電路產業 30
2-3-2 電腦及周邊產業 32
2-3-3 通訊產業 33
2-3-4 光電產業 34
2-3-5 精密機械產業 36
2-3-6 生物科技產業 37
2-4 本章小結 39
第三章 考慮時變因素及斷電成本之配電饋線運轉規劃 47
3-1 應用簡化型負載潮流方程組求解 48
3-2 考慮隨時間變化因素的模型 51
3-3 考慮時變因素之饋線重組目標函數 54
3-4 以粒子群最佳化為基礎的求解程序 59
3-5 本章小結 65
第四章 最佳饋線運轉規劃模擬測試與討論 66
4-1 三饋線系統 66
4-2 六饋線系統 75
4-3 十八饋線系統 80
第五章 結論及未來發展方向 91
5-1 結論 91
5-2 未來研究方向 94
參考文獻 96
附錄A 三饋線系統資料 111
附錄B 六饋線系統資料 113
附錄C 十八饋線系統資料 115
附錄D 新竹科學園區調查結果 122
D-1 發生最大斷電成本損失之時間 122
D-2 再啟動時間 128
D-3 備用電源與各產業之關係 130
D-4 預先提供斷電相關資訊對斷電成本之影響 136
D-5 問卷內容 140

[1] 潘國正、陳愛珠，竹科損失可能高達百億，1999年7月30日，中時晚報
http：//www.gcaa.org.tw/env_news/199907/88073012.htm
[2] 黃嘉裕，竹科損失逾100億元，1999年9月26日，經濟日報http：//issue.udn.com/FOCUSNEWS/921QUAKE/07/story18.htm
[3] 黃登榆，斷電效應 產業損失逾100億元，1999年10月01日，經濟日報
http：//issue.udn.com/FOCUSNEWS/921QUAKE/07/story14.htm
[4] 行政院主計處新聞稿--國民所得統計及國內經濟情勢展望，中華民國93年8月20日17時發布
http：//www.stat.gov.tw/public/Attachment/512115454371.doc
[5] R. Billinton and R. N. Allen, “Reliability evaluation of power system,” Plenum Publishing, New York, 1984.
[6] D. M. Crawford and S. B. Holt, “A mathematical optimization technique for locating and sizing distributions, and deriving their optimal service areas,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 99, No. 2, March/April, 1975, pp. 230-235.
[7] D. L. Wall, G. L. Thompson and J. E. D. Northcote-Green, “An optimal model for planning radial distribution network,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 98, No. 3, May/June, 1979, pp. 1061-1068.
[8] J. T. Boardman and C. C. Meckiff, “A branch and bound formulation to an electricity distribution planning problem,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 104, No. 8, August, 1985, pp. 2112-2118.
[9] R. N. Adams and M. A. Laughton, “A dynamic programming network flow procedure for distribution systems,” Proc. 8th, IEEE PICA, 1973, pp. 348-354.
[10] T. Gonen and I. J. Ramirez-Rosado, “Optimal multi-stage planning of power distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 512-519.
[11] M. Ponnavaikko, K. S. Prakasa and S. S. Venkata, “Distribution system planning through a quadratic mixed integer programming approach,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 2, No. 4, October 1987, pp. 1157-1163.
[12] T. H. Fawzi, K. F. Ali and S. M. EL-Sobki, “Routing optimization of primary rural distribution feeders,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 101, No. 5, May, 1982, pp.1129-1133.
[13] S. Civanlar, J. J. Grainger, H. Yin and S. S. H. Lee, “Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3 (3), July 1988, pp. 1217 –1223.
[14] C. C. Liu, S. J. Lee and S. S. Venkata, “Loss minimization for distribution feeders： optimality and algorithms,” IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, 1989, pp. 1281-1289.
[15] H.-D. Chiang and R. Jean-Jumeau, “Optimal network reconfigurations in distribution systems. I. A new formulation and a solution methodology,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.5 (4), Jul 1990, pp. 1902 -1909.
[16] E. R. Ramos, A. G. Exposito, J. R. Santos and F. L. Iborra, “Path-based distribution network modeling： application to reconfiguration for loss reduction,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 556- 564.
[17] J. Z. Zhu and C. S. Chang, “Refined genetic algorithm for minimum-loss reconfiguration of electrical distribution network,” 1998. Proc. of EMPD '98, Vol. 2, No. 3-5 March 1998, pp. 485 – 489.
[18] Y.-Y. Hong and S.-Y. Ho, “Determination of network configuration considering multi-objective in distribution systems using genetic algorithms,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 1062- 1069.
[19] B. Radha, R. T. F. Ah King and H. C. S. Rughooputh, “A modified genetic algorithm for optimal electrical distribution network reconfiguration,” The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC '03, Vol.2, 8-12 Dec. 2003, pp. 1472 – 1479.
[20] K. Prasad, R. Ranjan, N. C. Sahoo and A. Chaturvedi, “Optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution systems using a fuzzy mutated genetic algorithm,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2 1989, pp. 1281-1289.
[21] H. P. Schmidt, N. Ida, N. Kagan and J.C. Guaraldo, “Fast reconfiguration of distribution systems considering loss minimization,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005, pp.1311-1319.
[22] J. Mendoza, R. Lopez, D. Morales, E. Lopez, P. Dessante and R. Moraga, “Minimal loss reconfiguration using genetic algorithms with restricted population and addressed operators： real application,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, May 2006, pp.948-954.
[23] E. M. Carreno, N. Moreira and R. Romero, “Distribution network reconfiguration using an efficient evolutionary algorithm,” Proceedings of IEEE 2007 PES General Meeting, 24-28 June 2007, pp. 1-6.
[24] D. Zhang, Z. Fu and L. Zhang, “Joint optimization for power loss reduction in distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 23, No. 1, Feb. 2008, pp. 161-169.
[25] A. Augugliaro, L. Dusonchet, M. G. Ippolito and E. R. Sanseverino, “Minimum losses reconfiguration of MV distribution networks through local control of tie-switches,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3 2003, pp. 762-771.
[26] J. S. Savier and D. Das, “Impact of network reconfiguration on loss allocation of radial distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 4, Oct. 2007, pp. 2473-2480.
[27] J. Dan and R. Baldick, “Optimal electric distribution system switch reconfiguration and capacitor control,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, May 1996, pp. 890-897.
[28] Y.-J. Jeon, J.-C. Kim, J.-O. Kim, J.-R. Shin and K. Y. Lee, “An efficient simulated annealing algorithm for network reconfiguration in large-scale distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No.4, Oct. 2002, pp.1070-1078.
[29] V. Parada, J. A. Ferland, M. Arias and K. Daniels, “Optimization of electrical distribution feeders using simulated annealing,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.19, No.3, July 2004, pp.1135-1141.
[30] F. Batrinu, E. Carpaneto and G. Chicco, “A unified scheme for testing alternative techniques for distribution system minimum loss reconfiguration,” 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems, 16-18 Nov. 2005, pp. 6.
[31] W.-C. Wu, M.-S. Tsai and F.-Y. Hsu, “A New binary coding particle swarm optimization for feeder reconfiguration,” Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Systems Applications to Power Systems, 5-8 Nov. 2007, pp.1-6.
[32] V. Miranda and N. Fonseca, “EPSO-evolutionary particle swarm optimization, a new algorithm with applications in power systems,” Proceedigns of 2002 Asia Pacific T&D. Confer., Vol.2, 6-10 Oct. 2002, pp. 745-750.
[33] Y.-T. Hsiao, “Multiobjective evolution programming method for feeder reconfiguration,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, Feb. 2004, pp.594-599.
[34] Y.-T. Hsiao and C.-Y. Chien, “Multiobjective optimal feeder reconfiguration,” IEE Proc. Gen., Trans. and Distr., Vol.148, No.4, July 2001,pp.333-336.
[35] M. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network Reconfiguration in distribution systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, April 1989, pp. 1401-1407.
[36] D. Das, “A fuzzy multiobjective approach for network reconfiguration of distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.21, No.1 2006, pp. 202-209.
[37] C. Zhang, J. Zhang and X. Gu, “The application of hybrid genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm in the distribution network reconfigurations multi-objective optimization,” The 3rd ICNC, Vol.2, 24-27 Aug. 2007, pp. 455-459.
[38] I. Roytelman, V. Melnik, S. S. H. Lee and R. L. Lugtu, “Multi-objective feeder reconfiguration by distribution management system, “ IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, May 1996, pp. 661-667.
[39] Y.-L. Ke, C.-S. Chen, M.-S. Kang, J.-S. Wu and T.-E. Lee, “Power distribution system switching operation scheduling for load balancing by using colored Petri nets,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, Feb. 2004, pp. 629-635.
[40] M. A. Kashem, V. Ganapathy and G. B. Jasmon, “Network reconfiguration for load balancing in distribution networks,” IEE Proc. Gen., Trans. and Distr., Vol. 146, No.6, Nov. 1999, pp. 563-567.
[41] Y.-Y. Hsu, Y.-J. Hwu, S.-S. Liu, Y.-W. Chen, H.-C. Feng and Y.-M. Lee, “Transformer and feeder load balancing using a heuristic search approach,” IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 8, Feb. 1993, pp. 184-190.
[42] M. W. Siti, D. V. Nicolae, A. A. Jimoh and A. Ukil, “Reconfiguration and load balancing in the LV and MV distribution networks for optimal performance,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 4, Oct. 2007, pp. 2534-2540.
[43] K. H. Jung, H. Kim and Y. Ko, “Network recofiguration algorithm for automated distribution systems based on artificial intelligence approach,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1993, pp. 1933-1941.
[44] X. Jin, J. Zhao, Y. Sun, K. Li and B. Zhang, “Distribution network reconfiguration for load balancing using binary particle swarm optimization,” 2004 PowerCon, 21-24 Nov. 2004, Vol. 1, pp. 507-510.
[45] Qin Zhou, D. Shirmohammadi and W.-H. E. Liu, “Distribution feeder reconfiguration for service restoration and load balancing,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 12, No. 2, May 1997, pp. 724-729.
[46] Y.-L. Ke, “Distribution feeder reconfiguration for load balancing and service restoration by using G-nets inference mechanism,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 2004, pp. 1426-1433.
[47] Y.-T. Hsiao and C.-Y. Chien, “Enhancement of restoration service in distribution systems using a combination fuzzy-GA method,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No. 4, Nov. 2000, pp. 1394-1400.
[48] W.-M. Lin and H.-C. Chin, “A new approach for distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction and service restoration,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 3, July 1998, pp. 870-875.
[49] D. Shirmohamadi, “Service restoration in distribution networks via network reconfiguration,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 7, Apr. 1992, pp. 952-958.
[50] K. N. Miu, H. D. Chiang and R. J. McNulty, “Multi-Tier service restoration through network reconfiguration and capacitor control for large-scale radial distribution networks,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 15, Aug. 2000, pp.1001-1007.
[51] J.-S. Wu, C.-C. Liu, K.-L. Liou and R.-F. Chu, “A Petri net algorithm for scheduling of generic restoration actions,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 12, Feb. 1997, pp. 69-75.
[52] S. Toune, H. Fudo, T. Genji, Y. Fukuyama and Y. Nakanishi, “Comparative study of modern heuristic algorithms to service restoration in distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No.1, Jan. 2002, pp.173-181.
[53] C.-S. Chen, C.-H. Lin and H.-Y. Tsai, “A rule-based expert system with colored Petri net models for distribution system service restoration,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 17, No. 4, Nov. 2002, pp. 1073-1080.
[54] K. Nara and Y. H. Song, “Modern heuristics application to distribution system optimization,” Proceedings of IEEE/PES 2002 Winter Meeting, Vol. 2, 27-31 Jan. 2002, pp.826-832.
[55] R. E. Brown, “Network reconfiguration for improving reliability in distribution systems,” Proceedings of IEEE 2003 PES General Meeting, Vol. 4, 13-17 July 2003, pp. 2419-2424.
[56] R. E. Brown, “Distribution reliability assessment and reconfiguration optimization, ” Proceedings of IEEE/PES 2001 T&D Confer., Vol. 2, 28 Oct.-2 Nov. 2001, pp. 994-999.
[57] P. Wang and R. Billinton, “Reliability cost/worth assessment of distribution systems incorporating time varying weather conditions and restoration resources,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 260-265.
[58] J.-H. Teng and C.-N. Lu, “Feeder-switch relocation for customer interruption cost minimization,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 254-259.
[59] P. Wang and R. Billinton, “Demand-side optimal selection of switching devices in radial distribution system planning,” IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution,, Vol. 145, No. 4, July 1998, pp. 409-414.
[60] J.-M. Sohn, S.-R. Nam and J.-K. Park, “Value-based radial distribution system reliability optimization,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, May 2006, pp. 941-947.
[61] Bachtel International, Inc., Power Quality for Semiconductor Industry – Management and Improvement, Final Report, Dec. 1998.
[62] 于宗先、許志義及鄭欽龍，『台灣地區缺電成本之研究』，中華經濟研究院，1989年11月。
[63] 陳澤義，『缺電成本之估計及其在分級電價規劃上的涵義：台灣的實證』，中華經濟研究院，1994年5月。
[64] 許志義及葉佐端，『大台北地區服務業缺電成本之研究』，台灣電力公司，1993年6月。
[65] G. Tollefson, R. Billinton and G. Wacker, “Comprehensive bibliography on reliability worth and electrical service consumer interruption costs： 1980-90,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 64, Nov. 1991, pp. 1508-1514.
[66] G. Wacker and R. Billinton, “Customer cost of electric service interruptions,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 77, No. 6, June 1989, pp. 919-930.
[67] R. Billinton and R. Allan, Reliability Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.
[68] R. Billinton, G. Wacker and E. Wojczynski, “Comprehensive bibliography on electrical service interruption costs,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 102, June 1983, pp. 1831-1837.
[69] IEEE Committee, “Report on reliability survey of industrial plants, part II, cost of power outages, plant restart time, critical service loss, duration, time and type of loads lost versus time of power outages,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Mar./Apr. 1974, pp. 236-241.
[70] R. K. Subramaniam, R. Billinton and G. Wacker, “Factors affecting the development of an industrial customer damage function,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 104, 1985, pp. 3209-3215.
[71] N. C. Koskolos, S. M. Megaloconomos and E. N. Dialynas, “Assessment of power interruption costs for the industrial customer in Greece,” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP’98, Athens, Greece, Oct. 1998, pp. 761-766.
[72] Nexant Inc., Power Quality Enhancement at the Hsin-Chu Science Park, Final Report, May 2000.
[73] 經濟部能源局--能源報導，中華民國92年06月，pp. 11.
[74] G. Tollefson, R. Billinton, G. Wacker, E. Chan and J. Aweya, “A Canadian customer survey to assess power system reliability worth,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1994, pp.443 –450.
[75] K. K. Kariuki and R. N. Allan, “Evaluation of reliability worth and value of lost load,” IEE Proceedings- Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 143, No. 2, March 1996, pp. 171 –180.
[76] M. J. Sullivan, T. Vardell and M. Johnson, “Power interruption costs to industrial and commercial consumers of electricity,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1997, pp. 1448 –1458.
[77] M. Pandey and R. Billinton, “Reliability worth assessment in a developing country-commercial and industrial survey results,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, Nov. 1999, pp. 1232–1237.
[78] A. Kaufmann, Reliability Criteria： A Cost Benefit Analysis, Operation Research Report, New York State Department of Public Service, Albany, New York, 1975.
[79] M. L. Telson, “The Economics of alternative levels of reliability for electric generation system,” Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1975, pp. 679-694.
[80] M. Webb, “The determination of reserve generating capacity criteria in electricity supply system,” Applied Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1977, pp. 19-32.
[81] M. J. Doane, R. S. Hartman and C. K. Woo, “Households’ perceived value of service reliability： an analysis of contingent valuation data,” Special Issue on Electricity Reliability, Energy Journal, Vol, 9, 1988, pp. 135-150.
[82] B. Bental and S. A. Ravid, “A simple method for evaluating for the marginal cost of unsupplied electricity,” Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982, pp. 249-253.
[83] R. G. Cummings, D. S. Brookshire and W. D. Schulze, Valuing Environmental Goods： An Assessment of the Contingent Value Method, Rownam & Allan Held, 1986.
[84] M. J. Doane, R. S. Hartman and C. K. Woo, “Households preference for interruptible rate options and the revealed value of service reliability,” Special Issue on Electricity Reliability, Energy Journal, Vol. 9, 1988, pp. 121-134.
[85] R. L. Chen, K. Allen and R. Billinton, “Value-based distribution reliability assessment and planning,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1995, pp. 421–429.
[86] Y.-C. Chuang, Y.-L. Ke, C.-S. Chen and Y.-L. Chen, “Distribution system temperature adaptive load transfer using colored Petri net approach, ” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3, Aug. 2006, pp. 1029-1040.
[87] Y.-C. Chuang, Y.-L. Ke, C.-S. Chen and Y.-L. Chen, “Rule-expert knowledge-based Petri net approach for distribution system temperature adaptive feeder reconfiguration,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3, Aug. 2006, pp. 1362- 1370.
[88] P. Wang and R. Billinton, “Reliability cost/worth assessment of distribution systems incorporating time-varying weather conditions and restoration resources,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 260–265.
[89] 台灣電力公司—配電系統分支線自動化模式研究，期末報告，2000年12月。
[90] J.-H. Teng and C.-N. Lu, “Value-based distribution feeder automation planning,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 28, 2006, pp. 186-194.
[91] J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart, “Particle Swarm Optimization,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
[92] J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart, “A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 5, 1997, pp. 4104-4108.
[93] P. J. Angeline, ”Using selection to improve particle swarm optimization,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Anchorage, Alaska, pp. 84-89, 1998.
[94] R.-F. Chang and C.-N. Lu, “Feeder reconfiguration for load factor improvement,” Proceedings of IEEE PES Wwinter Mmeeting, Vol. 2, Jan. 2002, pp. 27-31.