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博碩士論文 etd-0910109-152332 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0910109-152332
論文名稱
Title
虎斑烏賊(Sepia pharaonis)胚胎發育及環境因子對其胚胎提前孵化之影響
Embryonic development and effects of environmental factors on the pre-mature hatchling of Sepia pharaonis
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
79
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2009-07-09
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2009-09-10
關鍵字
Keywords
震動、氨、鹽度、溫度、環境因子、存活率、體胴長、卵黃囊、提早孵化、虎斑烏賊
Sepia pharaoins, pre-mature hatching, yolk sac, mantle length, temperature, salinity, vibration, ammonia
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
烏賊與鎖管類是台灣主要的漁獲物種,其受精卵於胚胎發育後期卵黃囊完全吸收前,會有提早孵化的現象。在存活上,提早孵化的幼體相對於卵黃囊完全吸收發育完整的幼體間是否有差異,至今未明。因此,於實驗室進行孵育,探討卵發育中卵黃大小與胚胎間的關係,及不同發育時期提早孵化幼體存活的差異。以改變物理、化學之環境因子(溫度、鹽度、氨濃度、振動),探討其對孵化時間及存活之影響。
虎斑烏賊卵依胚胎外部形質可將發育階段切分為40個時期。胚胎之體胴長與卵黃徑長隨時期的變化會有差異,而體胴長的增大速率無差異(F = 1.88,p = 0.06),分別呈直線線性關係增大及減少。但於同樣的環境條件下,其卵黃徑的消耗速率(F = 8.77,p < 0.01)、體胴的大小在不同批次樣本間有所差異(F = 92.14,p < 0.01)。
同發育時期人工破卵與自然孵化之幼體在不餵食存活時間上無差異,且人工破卵下的幼體胚胎發育時期越晚,存活天數越長(F = 34.66,p < 0.01)。提早孵化之各時期攝食比率中,第36時期之後孵化的幼體其攝食的比率會隨著發育時期而增加(F = 93.10,p < 0.01)。
本研究中之虎斑烏賊胚胎孵育的極限溫度無法低於10℃或高於35℃,而最適溫度介於17-28℃。在瞬間改變溫度中,升溫較降溫更能有效影響胚胎之提早孵化,無論第36或39時期之胚胎個體,當升、降溫改變達十度以上,胚胎皆有部份提早孵化的現象。瞬間降低鹽度低於20 psu時就會使胚胎有部份死亡,而瞬間改變至10 psu下,胚胎會在一小時內產生提早孵化的現象,未孵化之胚胎則死亡。瞬間增加水中氨濃度則在1及5 ppm時,胚胎孵化時間相較於無添加組有延長的現象:而添加5 ppm以上胚胎有部分死亡的現象,而當添加至1000 ppm時,多數胚胎在17分鐘內提早孵化,而未即時孵化者皆死亡。在實驗之各環境刺激下,第39時期較第36時期之胚胎有較高的比率以提早孵化的方式脫離不良環境,而第36時期有較高比率持續發育至自然孵化或死亡於卵中。振動實驗以垂直震盪儀產生振動,其在最大振幅2公分、頻率350次/分鐘持續振動30分鐘的狀況下,對兩時期之胚胎孵化時間與方式皆無影響,此因子仍有進一步探討的空間。
Abstract
Pre-mature hatching of fertilized eggs of cuttlefishes and squids, which are Taiwan’s major fishing species, exists in the late embryonic development before yolk sacs are fully absorbed. It is so far unknown whether there is any difference in survival rate between pre-maturely developed juveniles and the fully developed ones. Hence, by laboratory incubation, this study aimed to discuss the relationship between the yolk size in the embryonic development process and embryo, as well as the difference in survival rate of juveniles developed at different developmental stages. The impact of the incubation time on the survival rate is explored in case of changing physical and chemical environmental factors (temperature, salinity, ammonia concentration, vibration etc.)
The embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis can be divided into 40 stages according to the external shape and quality of the embryo. The embryo mantle length and the yolk diameter vary by time, while the increasing rate of the mantle length does not(F = 1.88, p = 0.06), increasing or decreasing in a linear relationship respectively. However, under the same environmental conditions, the consumption rate and the mantle size may vary in different batches(yolk diameter: F = 8.77, p < 0.01. mantle length: F = 92.14, p < 0.01).
There is no difference in the surviving time of juveniles artificially and naturally incubated at the same developmental stage, and the surviving time will be longer if the artificially incubated juveniles are at later embryonic developmental stages(F = 34.66,p < 0.01). With regard to the feeding ratio of juveniles pre-maturely hatched at different stages, the feeding ratio of the juveniles incubated after the 36th stage will increase with the developmental stages(F = 93.10,p < 0.01).
In this study, the temperature limit of the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis should never be lower than 10℃ or higher than 35℃, and the most suitable temperate range is between 17-28℃. In case of sudden change in temperature, temperature increase can more effectively affect the pre-mature hatching than temperature decrease. In case of either the 36th or 39th stage embryos, if the temperature rises or drops by more than 10 degrees, pre-mature hatching can exist in some of the embryos. Some embryos may die if salinity is lowered suddenly below 20 psu. Meanwhile, pre-mature hatching may occur within one hour if it is suddenly lowered below 10 psu, and the unhatched embryos may die. When increasing the ammonia concentration suddenly to 1 and 5 ppm, the embryo incubation time may be lengthened compared with the group without the addition: some embryos may die if it is increased to 5 ppm. Meanwhile, most embryos are hatched pre-maturely within 17 minutes when it is increased to 1000 ppm, while those unhatched ones may die. In case of various environmental stimuli of the experiments, a higher percentage of embryos at the 39th stage got away from the hostile environment by pre-mature hatching, while a higher percentage of embryos at 36th stage continued the development until natural incubation or died. The vibration experiment is to produce vibration by a vertical vibration instrument. In case of 30-minute vibration at frequency of 350 times/minute and maximum amplitude at 2 cm, there is no effect on incubation time and mode of embryos at both stages. This factor is still open and subject to further discussion.
目次 Table of Contents
表目錄…………………………………………………………………………II
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………III
附圖目錄………………………………………………………………………IV
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………V
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………VII
前言………………………………………………………………………………1
材料與方法………………………………………………………………………6
結果……………………………………………………………………………13
討論……………………………………………………………………………24
結論……………………………………………………………………………39
參考資料………………………………………………………………………40
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