本論文將論證泰勒如何試圖建構一種描述人類主體基本特徵的本體理論，並試圖以之化解我們的時代所面臨的諸般多元難題，讓我們在能保存「多」的前提下，同時找到足以化解差異的共同條件，並且保存達到共識的可能性，此即本文所指的「一」。本論文將泰勒的政治哲學方案定位在試圖透過一種對人類主體的基本特徵的真實理解，重新理解西方現代性的歷史條件下所產生的諸多政治議題，並藉此重新思索可能的出路。泰勒相信如果我們能找到或認識到這個本體基礎，找到人的界定性能力與需求，我們就可以看到人類的確有共同的能力可以化解諸多分歧價值或善觀之間的衝突，而能在價值多元的條件下找到一個共同能接受的共識。隱涵在這個觀點下的是對人類總是會試圖尋求共識的樂觀期待，而希望能從這個角度為自由主義尋找出路。準此，本論文將檢視泰勒政治方案中的兩個重要議題：承認政治與公民人文主義，並指出泰勒的政治方案的特徵是他固然相信主體都具有某個程度的自主能力，但在（文化或政治）共同體中，成員之間都共享某種共同性，而這個共同性可以產生一種共感與聯繫感，這又可以驅使個人或公民對共同體投注更多心力與時間；相反的，如果共同體的成員因為種種因素而對政治冷漠，政治領域與公共空間也將變得空洞而碎裂。但本論文將論證泰勒相信在道德、文化本體上的共同理解可以轉化為一種政治上的共同目的這個命題仍然難以為自由主義者所接受。

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the often-ignored inherent philosophical connection between Charles Taylor’s ontological argument (philosophical anthropology) and his political scheme. Taylor articulates a moral realist understanding of the plurality of values and an ontological statement of human agency, and tries to demostrate a possibility of reconciliation between essentially conflicting values and cultures. In Taylor’s view, “the many” does not necessarily entail tragical choices among values, as Isaiah Berlin famously asserted, but can be possibly mediated through the common human agency with the hope that we can eventually reach one true consensus. Based on this uniquely Taylorian understanding of human condition, Taylor’s political scheme can be seen as an effort to ameliorate the deep-rooted malaise within Western modernity, and find a common ontological ground among community members and citizens by which deliberations can be facilitated. The thesis will go on to examine Taylor’s two most inspiring political assertions, namely, the polilics of recognition and civic humanism, in detail. I will argue that although Taylor optimistically believes that a common moral and cultural understanding can help forming and be transformed into a common political common good within a given community, the connection between these two levels of commonality is fairly weak. Moreover, what liberals object is precisely Taylor’s attempt to equate cultural common understanding with a form of political common good.

第一章 緒論：泰勒對於「一」與「多」問題的再思考…………………7

第一部份：泰勒本體哲學之重建
第二章　泰勒的實存論與社會科學哲學…………………………………31
　　第一節　獨特的社會科學哲學理路…………………………………………31
　　第二節　自然主義哲學及其後果……………………………………………33
第三節　多元主義穩健實存論………………………………………………37
第四節 實踐、理論與理論效度……………………………………………43
第五節 小結…………………………………………………………………50
第三章　人類行動性與道德世界：“Articulation” 的內涵與運用……53
　　第一節　為何需要articulation？……………………………………………53
　　第二節　主體、意義與詮釋…………………………………………………54
　　第三節　表現主義的語言概念………………………………………………56
第四節　再連結：Articulation與社會科學哲學……………………………62
第五節 Articulation與道德哲學……………………………………………65
第六節 小結…………………………………………………………………73

第二部份：以本體哲學解決現代政治之多元處境？
第四章　赫德式個人主義與承認概念：泰勒「承認政治」的再思考……77
　　第一節　黑格爾與承認理論…………………………………………………78
　　第二節　赫德的重要性………………………………………………………86
第三節　赫德式個人主義之中的人類行動性與自主性問題………………94
第四節 理想的承認關係…………………………………………………100
第五節 本真性與自我認同………………………………………………104
第六節 小結………………………………………………………………109
第五章　公民人文主義、多元民主與共善：泰勒與托克維爾論現代民主………………………………………………………………………113
　　第一節　托克維爾論民主社會中可能出現的暴政………………………115
第二節　托克維爾的思想遺產與泰勒的新詮……………………………125
（一）、民主的包容性與排他性
（二）、愛國心、公共精神與民風
（三）、多元文化社會
第三節　公共領域與多元參與……………………………………………138
（一）公民人文主義與個人主義的矯治
（二）市民社會與公共領域的興起
　　第四節　難以捉摸的共善（代小結）……………………………………147
第六章 結論：非受迫的普世共識？……………………………………..157

（一）、泰勒的著作
Taylor, Charles，1990 [1979] ，《黑格爾與現代社會》（Hegel and Modern Society），徐文瑞譯，台北：聯經出版。
--------，1995b，〈現代性與公共領域的興起〉，收錄於廖炳惠編，《回顧現代文化想像》，台北：時報出版，頁56-69。
--------，1995c，〈市民社會與大眾文化〉，收錄於廖炳惠編，《回顧現代文化想像》，台北：時報出版，頁70-84。
--------，1997，〈公民與國家之間的距離〉，《二十一世紀》，第四十期，頁4-17。
--------，2008，《現代性中的社會想像》（Modern Social Imaginaries），台北：商周出版。
Taylor, Charles. 1964. The Explanation of Behavior. NY: Humanities Press.
--------. 1975. Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
--------. 1979. Hegel and Modern Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
--------. 1985a. Philosophical PapersⅠ: Human Agency and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
--------. 1985b. Philosophical PapersⅡ: Philosophy and Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
--------. 1989a. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
--------. 1989b. “Hegel’s Ambiguous Legacy for Modern Liberalism,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol.10, pp. 857-70.
--------. 1991. The Malaise of Modernity. Toronto: Anansi Press.
--------. 1992. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
--------. 1993a. Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays in Canadian Federalism and Nationalism, Guy Laforest, ed. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
--------. 1993b. “The Dangers of Soft Despotism,” The Responsive Community, Vol.4, Issue 3(Fall), pp. 22-31.
--------. 1994a. "Charles Taylor Replies," in Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The Philosophy of Charles Taylor in Question, in James Tully, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp. 213-57.
--------. 1994b. Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics of Recognition. Amy Gutmann (ed.) Princeton: Princeton University Press.
--------. 1995a. Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
--------. 1996a. “Why Democracy Needs Patriotism?” in Joshua Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country? Boston: Beacon Press, pp.120-22.
--------. 1996b. “A World Consensus on Human Rights?” Dissent, V.43, No.2, pp.15-21.
--------. 1998. "From Philosophical Anthropology to the Politics of Recognition: An Interview with Philippe de Lara," Thesis Eleven, 52 (Feb. 1998), 103-12.
--------. 1999. “Conditions of an Unforced Consensus on Human Rights,” in The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, Joanne Bauer and Daniel A. Bell (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 124-44.
-------. 2001a. “Plurality of Goods,” in Mark Lilla, Ronald Dworkin, and Robert B. Silvers eds. The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin. NY: New York Review of Books, pp. 113-119.
--------. 2001b. “Democracy, Inclusive and Exclusive,” in Richard Madsen et al eds. Meaning and Morality: Religion, Polity, and Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 181-194.
--------. 2003a. “No Community, No Democracy, Part I,” The Responsive Community, Vol.13, Issue 3 (Fall), pp.17-27.
--------. 2003b. “No Community, No Democracy, Part II,” The Responsive Community, Vol.13, Issue 4 (Winter), pp.15-25.
--------. 2004. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University Press.
--------. 2005. “The ‘Weak Ontology’ Thesis,” The Hedgehog Review, Vol.7, No.2 (Summer, 2005), pp.35-41.
--------. 2007. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

（二）、中文部份
江宜樺，1995，「漢娜．鄂蘭論政治參與與民主 」，收錄於張福建、蘇文流編，《民主理論：古典與現代》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所，頁123-151。
--------，2001， 《自由民主的理路》，台北：聯經。
曾國祥，2003，〈論沈岱爾之行動性理論：一個哲學保守主義的重塑〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第六期，頁65-114。
--------，2004a，〈自由主義與政治的侷限〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第八期，頁79-120。
-------，2004b，〈憲政主義與民主的衝突〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第十一期，頁1-48。
-------，2004c，〈社會科學的經驗主義危機〉，《政治學報》，第三十八期，頁171-213。
-------，2006，〈保守主義：一個哲學的理解〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第十八期，頁1-59。
---------，2007，「在普遍主義與相對主義之間：赫德的思想資產」，收錄於蔡英文、張福建編，《現代性的政治反思》，台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心，頁43-84。
張震東，1991，「托克維爾論民主社會之自由問題」，收錄於戴華、鄭曉時編，《正義及其相關問題》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所，頁185-203。
蔡英文，1997，〈多元與統一：多元主義與自由主義的一項政治議題〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第九卷，第三期，頁45-84。
--------，1998，「價值多元主義、相對主義與政治認同：柏林、雷茲與葛雷論點之分析」，收錄於蕭高彥、蘇文流編，《多元主義》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所，頁487-509。
--------，1999，〈公民德行、市民社會與主權國家：現代市民社會論述之探討〉，《政治科學論叢》，第十期，頁83-112。
--------，2002a，《政治實踐與公共空間：漢娜•鄂蘭的政治思想》，台北：聯經。
--------，2002b，〈民族主義、人民主權與西方現代性〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第三期，頁1-46。
蕭高彥，1995a，「理性與公民共同體：黑格爾民主理念之重構」，收錄於張福建、蘇文流編，《民主理論：古典與現代》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所，頁73-91。
-------，1995b，「愛國心與共同體政治認同之構成」，收錄於陳秀容、江宜樺編，《政治社群》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所 ，頁271-296。
-------，1997，「國家認同、民族主義與民主憲政：當代政治哲學的發展與反思」，《台灣社會研究季刊》，第二十六期，頁1-27。
-------，1998，「多元文化與承認政治論」，收錄於蕭高彥、蘇文流編，《多元主義》，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所，頁487-509。
-------，2002，「共和主義與現代政治」，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第一期，頁85-116。
--------，2004，「國族民主在台灣：一個政治理論的詮釋」，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第十一期，頁1-33。
Geertz, Clifford（克利弗德•吉爾茲），2002 [1983] ，《地方知識：詮釋人類學論文集》（Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology），楊德睿譯，台北：麥田出版。

（三）英文部份
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Abbey, Ruth. 2000. Charles Taylor. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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-------- (ed.). 2004. Charles Taylor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Abbey, Ruth and Taylor, Charles. 1996. “Communitarianism, Taylor-Made: An Interview with Charles Taylor,” Australian Quarterly, Vol.68, No.1, pp.1-10.
Anderson, Joel. 1996. “The Personal Lives of Strong Evaluators: Identity, Pluralism, and Ontology in Charles Taylor’s Value Theory,” Constellations, Vol.3, No.1, pp.17-38.
Baker, Deane-Peter. 2003. “’Condemned to Meaning’: a Critical Review of Recent Work on Charles Taylor,” Theoria, No.102 (December), pp.139-46.
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--------. 1999. The Roots of Romanticism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Candlish, Stewart and Wrisley, George. 2007. "Private Language", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2007 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2007/entries/private-language/.
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Ceaser, James. 1985. “Alexis de Tocqueville on Political Science, Political Culture, and the Role of the Intellectual,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 79, No.3, pp. 656-672.
Christman, John. 2004. “Relational Autonomy, Liberal Individualism, and the Social Constitution of Selves,” Philosophical Studies, No.117, pp.143-164.
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