磷灰石為柴北緣超高壓變質帶都蘭北帶退變榴輝岩的附屬礦物之一，其產狀主要可分為：包裹在石榴子石中（包裹磷灰石的石榴子石主晶常沿著包裹體破裂）、產於基質與綠輝石、斜黝簾石及金紅石等礦物共生（兩標本內共生的基質礦物多被石榴子石聚晶包圍）及與後期退變質礦物共生等三種。本研究的榴輝岩樣品均有石榴子石富集現象，其中兩樣品的石榴子石聚晶約占80 vol.%以上，另一樣品為含有中粒石榴子石的斑狀榴輝岩，標本普遍出現破裂且受到後期退變作用，部分裂隙充填次生礦物，如方解石或綠片岩相礦物群。磷灰石內出現奈米級粒狀（直徑55 ~ 370 nm）或針狀（50×20 nm ~ 870×120 nm）及微米級桿狀（~2.5 × 0.5 μm）或針狀（~20 × 0.5 μm）的硫化物礦物，密集的奈米級硫化物礦物造成磷灰石產生多色性；鄰近裂隙的磷灰石常有微米級針狀硫化物礦物和液包體，針狀硫化物礦物的長軸沿著兩個交角互成90度的方向順向排列，長軸平行磷灰石c軸的硫化物礦物數量較豐富。本研究以SEM-EDS及TEM-EDS進行分析，顯示這些硫化物礦物的種類包含隕硫鐵、磁黃鐵礦、含銅磁黃鐵礦及黃銅礦，硫化物礦物與主晶磷灰石有兩組低階密勒指數的結晶方位關係：桿狀隕硫鐵之長軸為a軸且垂直磷灰石c軸，<001>隕硫鐵 // <001>磷灰石、<48-3>隕硫鐵與<13-3>磷灰石夾~0.6度、(2-10)隕硫鐵 // (3-10)磷灰石、<100>隕硫鐵與<100>磷灰石夾~10度；針狀隕硫鐵之長軸亦為a軸且平行磷灰石c軸，<001>隕硫鐵 ⊥ <001>磷灰石、<-110>隕硫鐵與<-12-2>磷灰石夾~1.3度、(11-2)隕硫鐵 // (0-1-1)磷灰石。此結晶方位關係與前人對綠輝石及石英析出物的研究結果相似，皆出現析出物c軸與主晶c軸呈平行或垂直的兩組關係，且有偏好的結晶方位。根據此退變榴輝岩其他礦物內僅出現零星硫化物礦物、磷灰石產狀及內部硫化物礦物的微組織推測硫化物礦物的成因可能與板塊隱沒的熱液換質作用相關，富含氯及硫的熱液攜帶鐵、銅、鈷及鎳等金屬以原生液包體形式被磷灰石包裹並形成硫化物礦物。

Apatite is one of the accessory minerals in the UHP metamorphosed eclogites at Northern Dulan belt, North Qaidam. It appears in three kinds of occurrences: (1) included in garnet which often shows cracks along the apatite grains, (2) coexisting with omphacite, rutile and/or clinozoisite in matrix and often surrounded by garnet, and (3) coexisting with retrograded minerals. The three eclogite samples examined in the present study are enriched in garnet. Two of them contain up to 80 vol.% garnet and the other is a porphyry of medium-grained garnet. They commonly show cracks and features of retrograde metamorphism, such as fissure-filling of secondary minerals including calcite or greenschist facies minerals. There are two size-ranges of well-oriented sulfide minerals included in apatite. One is nanometer-sized sulfide needles (50 × 20 ~ 870 × 120 nm) and particles (55 ~ 370 nm). The other is micrometer-sized sulfide needles (~20 × 0.5 μm) and rods (~2.5 × 0.5μm). Fluid inclusions and the micrometer-sized sulfide minerals commonly occur in the apatite grains that are near the cracks. Both nanometer- and micrometer-sized sulfide minerals are elongated with their long axes being normal or parallel to the c axis of the apatite. We used SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS to analyze and found that the sulfide minerals are troilite, pyrrhotite, Cu-bearing pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. There are two sets of preferred crystallographic orientations for the dominated troilite and host apatite. The rod troilite is elongated along its a axis and <001>troilite // <001>apatite, <48-3>troilite &#8737; <13-3>apatite = ~ 0.6&#186;, (2-10)troilite // (3-10)apatite, <100>troilite &#8737; <100>apatite = ~ 10&#186;. The needle troilite is also elongated along its a axis and <001>troilite ⊥ <001>apatite, <-110>troilite &#8737; <-12-2>apatite = ~ 1.3&#186;, (11-2)troilite // (0-1-1)apatite. The preferred crystallographic orientation relationships, in terms of the c axis of troilite being parallel or normal to the c axis of host apatite, are similar to those for oriented quartz precipitates and omphacite hosts in the previous studies. According to the observations that only few sulfide minerals included in other minerals, the occurrences of apatites, and the microtextures of sulfide minerals, we suggest that the origin of sulfide minerals may relate to metasomatism during plate subduction. Metal ions such as iron, copper, cobalt and nickel were carried by chlorine- and sulfur-enriched fluids, which might be trapped as primary fluid inclusions in the apatite. The sulfide minerals then formed at the sites of fluid inclusions with the aid of fluids and available ions.

論文審定書 i
致 謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 Abstract iv
目 錄 vi
圖 目 錄 viii
表 目 錄 xiii
礦物符號縮寫表 xvi
第一章 序論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機 7
第二章 地質背景與研究標本 8
第三章 研究方法 10
3.1 實驗流程 10
3.1.1 光薄片製作流程 10
3.1.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡薄片製作流程 11
3.1.3 穿透式電子顯微鏡試片製作流程 11
3.2 實驗儀器與設定條件 12
3.2.1 光學顯微鏡 12
3.2.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡附加能量分散光譜儀（中山海資系） 12
3.2.3 穿透式電子顯微鏡附加能量分散光譜儀（成大地科系） 12
3.3 石榴子石體積百分比估計法 12
3.4 SEM-EDS定量分析標準試樣 13
3.5 礦物化學計算與成分投圖 13
3.5.1 石榴子石（X3Y2Z3O12） 13
3.5.2 輝石（M2M1(Si, Al)2O6） 13
3.5.3 角閃石（A0-1B2C5T8O22(OH, F)2） 13
3.5.4 磷灰石（Ca10(PO4)6(OH, F, Cl)2） 14
3.6 TEM選區繞射參考值 14
3.6.1 磷灰石 14
3.6.2 硫化物礦物 14
3.7 TEM-EDS分析條件 14
第四章 結果 15
4.1 樣品描述 15
4.2 岩象組織與礦物化學 15
4.2.1 石榴子石 15
4.2.2 綠輝石 16
4.2.3 角閃石 16
4.2.4 磷灰石 17
4.2.5 金紅石 18
4.2.6 綠簾石 18
4.3 磷灰石與內部硫化物礦物的結晶方位關係 69
第五章 討論 141
5.1 造成磷灰石與硫化物礦物間結晶方位關係之原因 141
5.2 磷灰石之生成機制 143
5.3 硫化物礦物之生成機制 144
5.4 榴輝岩變質環境 147
第六章 結論 150
參考文獻 151

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