中 文 摘 要

台灣產瓢鰭鰕虎亞科魚類至少有三屬五種，主要分佈於臺灣東部及南部的溪流中。本研究以臺灣產日本瓢鰭鰕虎 Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka, 1909)，寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎 Sicyopterus macrostetholepis (Bleeker, 1853)，環帶瓢眼鰕虎 Sicyopus zosterophorum (Bleeker, 1857)，紫身枝牙鰕虎 Stiphodon atropurpureus (Herre, 1927) 與黑鰭枝牙鰕虎 Stiphodon percropterygionus Watson at Chen, 1998 (陳和方, 1999) 為研究材料。以測量形質、計數形質與頭部感覺系統檢視台灣產瓢鰭鰕虎與寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎，結果發現，台灣產瓢鰭鰕虎之種間與雌雄於形態上有明顯差異，而台灣產日本瓢鰭鰕虎在台灣東西部族群並無明顯之差別。比較台灣與印尼蘇門答臘的寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎族群，在形態上亦無明顯之地理差別。菲律賓未命名種的瓢鰭鰕虎在形態上與寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎相似，僅於橫列鱗數上少於寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎，應為寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎之相似種，該兩者在分類上的關係仍有待進一步的研究。
為了解台灣產日本瓢鰭鰕虎之生殖模式，本研究分析採自台東縣金崙溪的日本瓢鰭鰕虎，雌魚生殖指數在一年中以9月至10月間呈現最高峰期，11月至4月間為低峰期。成熟卵之卵徑頻率分佈，在各月份均呈單峰型，且隨月份而增大，至10月份達最大值，是為分批同步產卵之魚類。進一步分析發現，其生殖指數變化與當地的降雨量有關，這個因子可能是影響日本瓢鰭鰕虎生殖週期的重要因素。
利用mtDNA之基因序列來探討分子演化及類緣關係。比對台灣各地29條河川之瓢鰭鰕虎，以及來自日本奄美大島、菲律賓及印尼蘇門答臘的標本，進行D-loop控制區段∼16S rRNA之鹼基序列比對。日本瓢鰭鰕虎共計分析108個樣本，有104個基因型，呈現多樣性的基因型，而日本族群與台灣族群並無分化現象，族群間的遺傳距離為0.000~0.019。台灣、日本、菲律賓及印尼蘇門答臘產的三種瓢鰭鰕虎，種間在D-loop序列的遺傳距離為0.060~0.130，在D-loop~16S rRNA基因序列的遺傳距離為0.042~0.074；而屬間在在D-loop序列的遺傳距離為0.140~0.274，在D-loop~16S rRNA基因序列的遺傳距離為0.086~0.138。在探討瓢鰭鰕虎亞科之分子類緣關係上，種間類緣關係最近的為日本瓢鰭鰕虎與寬頰瓢鰭鰕虎，最遠的為日本的日本瓢鰭鰕虎與淚斑瓢鰭鰕虎。屬間類緣關係最近的為瓢鰭鰕虎屬與枝牙鰕虎屬，最遠的為瓢鰭鰕虎屬與瓢眼鰕虎屬。從分子序列分析結果顯示，台灣到日本琉球群島之日本瓢鰭鰕虎為同一體系，而種間與屬間的階層有明顯之區隔。

Abstract

The gobies of Sycidiine consist of five species in three genera in Taiwan. These species are mainly distributed in streams, rivers of eastern and southern of Taiwan. This study was focusing on the five species, which are Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka, 1909), Sicyopterus macrostetholepis (Bleeker, 1853), Sicyopus zosterophorum (Bleeker, 1857), Stiphodon atropurpureus (Herre, 1927) and Stiphodon percropterygionus Watson at Chen, 1998. Based on the comparisons of their morphological characters, Sicyopterus japonicus and Sicyopterus macrostetholepis have the high degree of similarity from morphometric characters and cutaneous sensory papillae. However, they can be distinguished by their meristic characters. Comparing the samples of Sicyopterus macrostetholepis, which were collected from Sumatra and Taiwan, they can’t be distinguished by the merisitic characters.
Four further understanding the relationship between rainfall and planktonic period, the reproductive cycle of Sicyopterus japonicus was investigated. The samples, which collected from Jinlun, Taitung were examined for over one year. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and mature oocyte size-frequency showed a high pick during September through October. After analyzing with rainfall data,rainfall might be a important factor affecting the reproductive cycle of Sicyopterus japonicus.
Phylogenetic analysis was based on mitochondria DNA sequence. To compare the Sicyopterus gobides from Taiwanese 29 rivers, and the specimens form Amami Island Japan, Philippines, and Sumatra Indonesia are also include in this analysis by D-loop control region ~ 16S rRNA.
To examin 108 samples of Sicyopterus Japonicus (Tanaka) and find 104 genotypes with high diversity. The population between Japan and Taiwan without distinct differentiation, the genetic distance among population is 0.000~0.019. Intraspecific genetic distance of 3 Sicyopterus species Indonesia gobides from Taiwan, Japan, Philippines and Sumatra in D-loop is 0.060~0.130, in D-loop~16S rRNA is 0.042~0.074; Intragenetic distance in D-loop is 0.140~0.274, in D-loop~16S rRNA is 0.086~0.138. To analysis the phylogenetic relationship of Sycidiine: the closely related species are Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka) and Sicyopterus macrostetholepis (Bleeker), Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka) and Sicyopterus lacrymosus represent higher genetic divergence ; the close related genus are Sicyopterus and Stiphodon, genera Sicyopterus and Sicyopus represent higher genetic divergence;. By the result, Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka) between Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands are belonged the same system; the modecular differentiation level of species and genus are distinct.

目 錄

中文摘要 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅲ
英文摘要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ V
表目錄 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅶ
圖目錄 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅸ
第一章 前言 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
第二章 材料與方法 -------------------------------------------------------------- 8
一、材料 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
二、方法 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
(一)、型態測定 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
(A)、色澤色斑 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8
(B)、計數形質 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9
(C)、測量形質 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9
(D)、頭部之感覺系統 ------------------------------------------------------- 10
(二)、成長分步、卵徑及孕卵數之測量 ------------------------------------ 10
(三)、mtDNA分析 ------------------------------------------------------------- 12
(A)、魚肉組織DNA的萃取方法 ---------------------------------------- 12
(B)、PCR反應 --------------------------------------------------------------- 12
(C)、DNA序列分析 -------------------------------------------------------- 14
第三章、結果 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
一、分類描述 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
二、生殖模式與體長分佈 ------------------------------------------------------ 27
三、mtDNA 之分析 ------------------------------------------------------------- 29
(A)、mtDNA 之增幅反應與定序 ---------------------------------------- 29
Ⅰ
(B)、mtDNA D-loop 定序結果 ------------------------------------------- 29
(C)、mtDNA 12S rRNA與16S rRNA 之定序結果 ------------------ 30
(D)、tRNA 之定序結果 --------------------------------------------------- 31
(E)、分子類緣關係 ---------------------------------------------------------- 31
第四章、討論------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
一、瓢鰭鰕虎的形態分類 ------------------------------------------------------ 34
二、瓢鰭鰕虎屬間、種間之分子演化與類緣關係 ------------------------- 35
三、生殖週期 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
四、基因流傳 (gene flow) 與兩性迴游對族群分布之影響 ------------- 38
第五章、結論 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
參考文獻 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
附表 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
附圖 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
附錄 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117

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