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博碩士論文 etd-0912101-165124 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0912101-165124
論文名稱
Title
酸改質對金屬氧化物觸媒De-NOx效能影響之研究
The Influence on De-NOx of Metal-Oxidation Catalysts with acidic modification
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
130
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2001-07-30
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2001-09-12
關鍵字
Keywords
酸化改質、銅觸媒
copper catalyst, acid modification
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5711 times, has been downloaded 3465 times.
中文摘要
中文摘要
本研究乃在比較經載體酸溶液改質後之金屬氧化物觸媒,在CH4(NSCR)與C3H8(SCR)還原氮氧化物反應中的影響效能。酸溶液改質是利用醋酸、磷酸和硝酸,三種不同的酸溶液及濃度進行之;首先由三種相同濃度的三種酸溶液進行載體酸處理,再由較佳效率的酸溶液進行不同濃度下的酸改質,以尋求最適酸濃度之效率;其實驗的操作條件如下:反應溫度623K-1023K,空間流速為108000ml/hr.g,氧氣濃度為2﹪,NOx的進流濃度為1000 ppm。

於Cu/γ-Al2O3觸媒在甲烷NSCR的反應結果中, Cu/γ-Al2O3對NO的還原效能,隨著銅量的附載,有明顯的提升,但達8﹪銅載量後,則具最高之效率(78.1﹪)。以三種不同的酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之脫硝效能中,以硝酸溶液改質的銅觸媒具較高的還原效率,醋酸溶液次之(63.8﹪),最差的是磷酸(36.5﹪);而未改質的銅觸媒還原效率之效果約為7﹪,而醋酸與磷酸對NO的還原上並無助益,並隨著硝酸的當量濃度的增高,對NO的還原效率也隨之增加,故經硝酸改質後的觸媒,顯示有利於NO的轉化。

於Cu/γ-Al2O3觸媒在丙烷SCR的反應結果中,當NO與C3H8進流濃度比為1時,以C3H8與NO反應具有較高的還原活性;而對銅載量而言,仍以8﹪wt. Cu/γ-Al2O3具較優的還原效率。然經醋酸與磷酸改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3,對SCR的反應仍無助益,而以硝酸改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3具有較佳的反應活性,且以6N的硝酸改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3具有較高的還原率。

經硝酸改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3,其孔徑體積與平均孔洞半徑卻有顯著的提昇,故當硝酸的當量濃度增加時,除了Cu+與Cu2+的共同效應外,孔隙度的提昇應為影響還原效率的重要因素。總而言之,C3H8比CH4能更有效率的還原成N2,且對NO的還原效率亦隨著溫度之上升而增加。


Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the performance over copper oxide catalyst under nonselective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with methane and selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with propane. The copper catalysts was prepared by impregnating the support Al2O3 with copper nitrate. In order to find the favorable kind and concentration of acid solution,we conducted the modification of three acid solutions on the support Al2O3 in the same normal concentration in the first,and followed by the test of various concentration of the most-favoured acid. The experiment operated condition was as follow:
reaction temperature 623K-1023K,F/W=108000ml/hr.g,oxygen concentration 2﹪,NOx inlet concentration 1000ppm.

In view of the result of NSCR reactions with methane over Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst,the conversion of De-NOx increased with the increasing loading of copper on Cu/γ-Al2O3,and achieved a max. value when copper loading was 8﹪wt.. The performance of De-NOx over the modified copper catalysts three different acid with the same normal concentraion,showed that the best reduction efficiency was with nitric acid modified,then with,and followed with acetic acid,phosphoric acids. Through compared the conversion of De-NOx between non-modified Cu/γ-Al2O3 with modified Cu/γ-Al2O3,there had the best efficiency in treating for NO conversion. It showed that the best efficiency in raising the conversion of NO over copper catalyst is modified with nitric acid,there is not helpful on reduction efficiency of NO by modification with acetic and phosphatic acids. Nevertheless,the higher concentration(N) of nitric acid is,the higher efficiency of De-NO is;

For the SCR reactions with propane, when the inlet concentraion NO/C3H8 was 1,there has better reductive activity. The trends for the NO conversion versus reaction temperature were similar for the same catalysts used. In general, the NO conversion was an increasing function of copper loading for these copper catalysts. The 8﹪wt. Cu/γ-Al2O3 was found to enhance the NO conversion. The activity of acid-treated catalysts in nitric acid with 2﹪O2 present had the best NO conversion, while the same order was in NSCR reaction. Treating the supports with a higher concentration of acid would result in a higher activity for the copper catalyst, implying that acid treatment not only duces surface area to decrease on catalyst and enhance the reactivity, but also the presence of Cu+ and Cu2+ might be responsible for the reaction efficiency. no matter what the reactant is propane or methan , propane is better reactant to catalyst NO to N2.



目次 Table of Contents
目 錄

謝誌…………………………………….……………………………...…..Ⅰ
中文摘要……………………………………………………………...…..Ⅱ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………...……..Ⅳ
目錄………………………………………………………………………..Ⅵ
表目錄………………………………………………………………….…Ⅸ
圖目錄……………………………………………………….……………Ⅹ


第一章 緒論………………………….…………………..….1-1

1-1 前言…………………………………………………………..…..1-1

第二章 文獻回顧………………………………….…….…..2-1

2-1 氮氧化物的生成與排放……………………………………..……2-1

2-2 氮氧化物對環境與人體的影響……………………………..……2-3

2-3 氮氧化物的控制技術………………………………………..……2-3
2-3-1 燃燒前的控制技術………………………………………......2-4
2-3-2 燃燒中的控制技術…………………………………………..2-4
2-3-3 燃燒後的控制技術……………………………………….….2-5

2-4 研究目的…………………………………………………………..2-5

2-5 觸媒在非選擇性還原與選擇性還原氮氧化物之應用…………2-13

2-6 銅觸媒之製備方法與製作條件之探討…………………………2-14
2-6-1 觸媒載體之特性分析……………...……………………….2-14
2-6-2 觸媒製備方法的選用……………………………………....2-16
2-6-3 銅離子來源對銅觸媒催化能力之影響……………………2-16
2-6-4 銅離子附量對催化能力之影響……………………...….....2-17
2-6-5 銅觸媒之表面酸改質對NO處理效率之影響…………….2-18

2-7 選擇性與非選擇性觸媒還原NO反應………..…...…………..2-19
2-7-1 催化NO還原性之直接分解反應….………………….…..2-19

2-8 吸附法分析銅觸媒表面………………………………………..2-22
2-8-1 表面積與孔隙度…………………………………………...2-23
2-8- 2 酸量測定分析……………………………………………...2-23

第三章 實驗材料、設備及方法……………………………....3-1

3-1 實驗材料與設備……………………….…………………..…….3-1
3-1-1 實驗氣體與藥品………………….…………………………3-1
3-1-1.1 氣體高壓鋼瓶…………………….……………………...….3-1
3-1-1.2 實驗藥品………………………….……………………...….3-1

3-2 實驗方法………………………………………………….……...3-3
3-2-1 觸媒製備方法與裝置……………………………….……....3-3
3-2-1.1 觸媒製備方法…………………………………………….…3-3
3-2-1.2 表面改質….………………………………………………....3-4

3-3 一氧化氮非選擇性還原反應測試(NSCR)……………..……3-5
3-3-1 實驗設備元件…………………………………….…………3-5
3-3-2 分析儀器…………………………………….………………3-6
3-3-3 實驗設備裝置……………………………….……………....3-7
3-3-4 實驗步驟……………………………….…………………....3-7

3-4 觸媒表面分析儀器…………………………….……….…..……3-8
3-4-1 表面吸附儀…………………………………….….………...3-8
3-4-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡分析(SEM)……….………..………..3-9
3-4-3 能量分散光譜儀(EDS)……………….………..…………3-9
3-4-4 X光繞射分析儀(XRD)……………….………..………...3-9
3-4-4 表面酸量與酸點分析……………….………..…………....3-10

3-4 實驗設計…………………………….……….………………....3-10

第四章 結果與討論………………..…...……...……………..4-1

4-1 觸媒之組成成分及表面性質……………………………………4-1
4-1-1 觸媒之比表面積…………………………………………….4-1
4-1-2 銅觸媒對表面的幾何型態與表面元素成分測定………….4-4
4-1-3 結晶情形與測量觸媒顆粒大小對還原NO 之影響……...4-10

4-2 銅觸媒對非選擇性觸媒還原NO之還原性(NSCR)………..4-14
4-2-1 鍛燒溫度對CH4催化NO還原效能之比較…….……...…4-14
4-2-2 不同的銅載量對CH4 催化NO還原活性之比較……..…4-16
4-2-3 氧氣所造成的影響………………………………………...4-16
4-2-4 酸改質後之觸媒對CH4處理NO之操作處理效率………4-20
4-2-4.1 經相同當量濃度之不同酸溶液改質後之NO還原比較…4-20
4-2-4.2 經不同當量濃度之硝酸溶液改質後之NO還原性比較…4-24

4-3 銅觸媒對選擇性觸媒還原NO之還原性(SCR)………………4-27
4-3-1 鍛燒溫度對C3H8催化還原NO之活性比較……..………4-27
4-3-2 以不同濃度進流C3H8濃度催化NO還原效能比較…….4-28
4-3-3 以不同之銅載量對C3H8催化NO還原效率的比較……..4-29
4-3-4 經相同當量濃度之不同酸溶液改質後對NO還原影響…4-31
4-3-4 經相同當量濃度之不同酸溶液改質後對NO還原影響…4-31
4-3-5 經不同當量濃度之硝酸改質後對NO還原影響…………4-33

4-4 酸改質後載體之PH值對催化NO還原活性之比較………….4-37

第五章 結論與建議…………..……………………….……..5-1

第六章 參考文獻……………………………………...……………6-1

附錄A 分析儀器之原理………………………...………….. A-1


表目錄

表2-1 台灣地區針對固定污染源的氮氧化物排放標準………………2-7
表2-2 氮氧化物處理技術比較一覽表…………………………..……..2-9
表4-1 銅觸媒之比表面積、孔洞體積與平均孔洞半徑一覽表..………4-3
表4-2 Slurry PH of γ-Al2O3 supports………………………………..4-37


圖目錄

圖2-1 NOx污染物之來源…………………..………………………...2-8
圖2-2 NOx對人體之危害圖…………………...……………….……..2-9
圖2-3 氧化鋁於不同鍛燒溫度下的晶型結構………………………..2-15
圖3-1 觸媒備製之流程圖……..………………………………………3-11
圖3-2 觸媒備製之流體化床式鍛燒爐…..……………………………3-12
圖3-3 觸媒載體酸改質備製流程圖……..……………………………3-13
圖3-4 觸媒酸改質製備之恆溫水槽……..…….……………………...3-14
圖3-5 實驗設備組成裝置圖……….……..…………………………...3-15
圖3-6 研究之設計流程圖…………..……..…………….…………….3-16
圖4-1 未經改質之8﹪wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3之SEM 圖……….……………4-4
圖4-2 經不同酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3 之SEM 圖...……………4-5
圖4-3 經不同當量濃度酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之SEM 圖……4-6
圖4-4 未經改質之8﹪wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3之EDS 圖………………...…..4-7
圖4-5 經不同當量濃度之酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之EDS……..4-8
圖4-6 經不同酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3 之EDS圖………………..4-9
圖4-7 不同鍛燒溫度之8﹪wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3的X-RAY 繞射圖譜….…4-11
圖4-8 經不同酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3 之X-RAY 繞射圖譜.....4-12
圖4-9 經不同酸溶液改質後的Cu/γ-Al2O3 之X-RAY 繞射圖譜.…4-13
圖4-10 8﹪Cu/γ-Al2O3之TGA的測試圖……………………………4-15
圖4-11 不同的鍛燒溫度對8﹪wt Cu/γ-Al2O3 以甲烷還原處理效率之影響……………………………………………………..………4-16

圖4-12 不同的銅載量對8﹪wt Cu/γ-Al2O3以 CH4還原處理效率之影響
…………………………………………………………..………4-18
圖4-13 不同的氧量對8% wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3以CH4處理NO之比較…4-19
圖4-14 經相同當量濃度之不同酸溶液改質後之8% wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3以CH4處理NO之比較………………..…………………….….4-21
圖4-15 經2N磷酸改質後以CH4進行NO還原反應後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之SEM與EDS圖………………..…………………….…….….4-23
圖4-16 經不同當量濃度之硝酸溶液改質後之8% wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3以CH4處理NO之比較………………..……..……….…………..…4-25
圖4-17 經2N磷酸改質後以CH4進行NO還原反應後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之SEM與EDS圖…………………....……..……….…………..…4-26
圖4-18 不同的鍛燒溫度對8﹪wt Cu/γ-Al2O3 以C3H8還原處理效率之影響…………………....………………...……….…………..…4-28
圖4-19 不同的進流濃度對8﹪wt Cu/γ-Al2O3 以C3H8還原處理效率之影響…………………....………………...……….…………..…4-29
圖4-20 不同的銅載量對8﹪wt Cu/γ-Al2O3 以C3H8還原處理效率之影響…………………....………………...………….…………..…4-30
圖4-21 經相同當量濃度之不同酸溶液改質後之8% wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3以C3H8處理NO之比較………………...………….…………..…4-32
圖4-22 經不同當量濃度之硝酸溶液改質後之8% wt.Cu/γ-Al2O3以C3H8處理NO之比較…….…………...………….…………..…4-34
圖4-23 經6N硝酸改質後以C3H8進行NO還原反應後的Cu/γ-Al2O3之SEM與EDS圖…….…………...………….…………......4-36



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