本論文針對龜山島東側水深小於20 m，約0.5 km2的
熱液活動區域進行初步探查。筆者藉由海底噴口熱液、礦
物、氣體及週遭沉積物，同時配合放置於熱泉口之溫度記
錄資料，嘗試了解該區域熱液活動及噴發的過程。
龜山島泉口的長期溫度記錄資料顯示，熱泉口水溫呈
現14天的週期變化，可能與潮差所造成的沸點改變有關，
此項發現，並未於其他的研究報告中報導過。當潮汐到達
最高水位後的3.5小時，泉口可記錄到最高的水溫，暗示
泉口下方熱液噴發至噴口的時間並不久。此處噴口量測到
最低熱液pH為1.75，溫度可達116℃，這是目前世界上熱
液中發現最低pH值，同時也是全球淺海熱泉所量測到的最
高溫度。監測期間，記錄器曾因颱風入侵一度被泥砂掩埋
，顯示此區地形地貌易受外力所干擾。由鹽度值判斷，噴發熱液中並無島上淡水混入，熱液來源單純為週遭海水。
熱液離子的組成與海水差異不大，但鎂離子有稍微富集的
情形，這和大多數熱泉內鎂離子被岩石中鈣置換而偏低的
情況不同。與世界上多處的熱液相較，本研究區熱液中矽
離子濃度偏低，猜測成因是海水從入滲至噴發的時間太短
，導致海水與岩石置換不完全。
一般海底熱泉區僅發現黑煙囪或白煙囪，但龜山島熱
泉卻噴出黃色硫磺噴液。我們在此處發現的黃色煙囪高約
6m，為世界上首次發現淺海煙囪。龜山島的熱液噴口除了
煙囪外，多數屬於土丘狀，其結構也是由硫磺堆積而成；
另有少數低溫噴口沒有排硫。水下地形調查發現，該島東
側崖壁下方熱液活動最為活躍，崖壁偏向東北方有一處深
約35m的巨大凹洞，除此地形外，海床上沒有因熱液活動
形成的大型構造物。
泉口附近的岩石與島上之岩石相似，均為安山岩。週
遭海床的沉積物為硫磺砂，來源為泉口噴發時落下的細粒
硫磺，與沖澠海槽內發現的熱液沉澱物類型極為不同。一
些噴口週遭還可發現壘球般大小的硫磺球，剖開後其內部
有輪狀的線條，但成因未明。熱泉噴口收集的氣體組成以
CO2為主，與綠島淺海溫泉之氣體不同。龜山島熱泉氣泡
中所含3He/4He同位素偏高，暗示氣體來自於地函。

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the
preliminary results from the investigation of
shallow (<20m) hydrothermal vents with a total
venting area of about 0.5 km2 off the eastern tip
of Kueishantao Island. The chemical compositions
of hot fluids, sediments and rocks as well as a
continuous record of fluid temperature of a
fumarole were measured in order to understand the
venting process of hydrothermal fluids. The
continuous temperature records show that the
attainment of the maximum temperature of the hot
fluids is related to the tidal cycle. The
temperature variation seems to be associated with
changes in the boiling point of seawater, which
is affected by changes in water pressure. Such a
correlation has not been reported in the
literature. The hydrothermal fluids reach their
highest temperature about 3.5 hours after each
high tide, which is indicative of a shallow
infiltration of seawater since the time it takes
the boiling seawater to exit is so short. The
hottest temperature recorded in our study area is
116℃, while the lowest pH is 1.75, both a record
in the world amid shallow hydrothermal systems.
And, 1.75 is the lowest pH been reported on
hydrothermal systems in the literature. At one
point, the temperature recorder was covered with
sand as a result of an encroaching typhoon. This
suggests that the topography of the study area is
susceptible to external forces.
Based on salinity, the source of the hot
fluids is taken to be ambient seawater, with no
meteoric water from the islet involved.
Concentrations of major ions in the hydrothermal
fluids are almost the same as those in the
ambient seawater. Mg is slightly enriched,
however, which is unlike other hydrothermal
fluids where, as reported elsewhere, Mg is
generally lower because it replaces Ca in the
bedrock. Low concentrations of Si in the studied
fluids make for another distinct feature.
Compared with other hydrothermal fluids in the
world, the concentrations of Si in our study area
are much lower, possibly on account of there
being insufficient time for the rock to dissolve
in the infiltrated seawater.
Black and white smokers have widely been
reported in the literature, but here are found
heretofore unheard of yellow smokers as high as 6
meters. Other than one vent which emits liquid
sulfur and forms a sulfur chimney, some vent
sulfur from sulfur mounds. Still others are low-
temperature vents which do not emit sulfur
whatsoever. The most active venting activities
are off the eastern tip of the islet. There are
no other large reliefs associated with the
hydrothermal activity, except for the chimney and
a depression down to 35m deep.
the chimney and a depression down to 35m deep.
The composition of gravel on the seafloor is
andesite, which is the same as the rock on the
islet. The major composition of the sediments
collected from the seafloor is sulfur, which is
different from the sediments of the hydrothermal
systems in the Okinawa Trough. The sulfur
particles observed in this study originate from
the fumaroles. Besides, sulfur balls the size of
softballs and with distinct growth rings are
found near some vents. The formation mechanism
of these rings at this time, however, remains
unclear. The bubbles from the vents are mostly
made up of CO2, which is different from the
composition of the shallow hot springs on the
beach of Green islet. The 3He/4He of the emitted
gas is high, this indicates that the gas may have
originated from the mantle.

致謝----------------------------------------------------------- I
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------- II
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------- III
目錄 ---------------------------------------------------------- V
表目錄 -------------------------------------------------------- VII
圖目錄--------------------------------------------------------- VIII
第一章 序論
1.1前言-------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1.1研究緣起與動機-------------------------------------------- 1
1.1.2海底熱泉研究沿革及展望------------------------------------ 2
1.1.3西太平洋熱液活動區域概述---------------------------------- 3
1.1.4龜山島過去的相關研究-------------------------------------- 5
1.2研究區域簡介------------------------------------------------ 6
1.2.1龜山島之行政位置與歷史沿革-------------------------------- 6
1.2.2台灣東北部板塊構造描述------------------------------------ 6
1.2.3龜山島之湖泊與地質景觀------------------------------------ 9
第二章 採樣及研究方法------------------------------------------ 12
2.1研究材料---------------------------------------------------- 12
2.1.1熱液、沉積物礦物及岩石採集-------------------------------- 12
2.1.2熱泉口之氣體採集------------------------------------------ 13
2.1.3泉口溫度之現場測定---------------------------------------- 13
2.1.4熱泉口溫度之長期監測-------------------------------------- 13
2.1.5熱泉口之熱液流量估算-------------------------------------- 15
2.2實驗室之樣品分析方法---------------------------------------- 16
2.2.1泉口熱液之pH測定------------------------------------------ 16
2.2.2泉口熱液之鹽度測定---------------------------------------- 16
2.2.3泉口熱液之溶氧量測定-------------------------------------- 16
2.2.4泉口熱液之矽酸鹽測定-------------------------------------- 16
2.2.5泉口熱液之主要離子分析------------------------------------ 17
2.2.6泉口熱液(溶解態金屬)之預濃縮及測定------------------------ 17
2.2.7沉積物、礦物及岩石之標本處理與XRF元素分析----------------- 18
2.2.8氣體分析-------------------------------------------------- 19
第三章 結果與討論---------------------------------------------- 20
3.1熱泉海域之水深地形調查與海底景觀描述------------------------ 20
3.1.1台灣東北海域現有之水深資料-------------------------------- 20
3.1.2定位工具之簡介-------------------------------------------- 21
3.1.3水深地形調查規劃及施測方法-------------------------------- 21
3.1.4水深地形描繪及熱泉海域定義-------------------------------- 24
3.1.5熱泉海域下方之景觀描述------------------------------------ 27
3.2熱泉口水溫監測與現象之解析---------------------------------- 32
3.2.1淺海熱液之理論泉口水溫變化-------------------------------- 32
3.2.2泉口水溫監測裝置架設-------------------------------------- 33
3.2.3低溫型熱泉口及背景水溫之長時間記錄------------------------ 35
3.2.4高溫型熱泉口之水溫記錄------------------------------------ 44
3.3泉口水質---------------------------------------------------- 47
3.3.1 F泉口之氫離子濃度對水樣溫度作圖------------------------- 47
3.3.2泉口熱液之pH---------------------------------------------- 47
3.3.3泉口熱液溶氧及噴口氣泡之組成------------------------------ 54
3.3.4泉口熱液之鹽度-------------------------------------------- 56
3.3.5泉口熱液之主要離子---------------------------------------- 56
3.3.6泉口熱液之矽濃度------------------------------------------ 58
3.3.7泉口噴發熱液之金屬物質對表層水之影響---------------------- 60
3.3.8泉口水量估算---------------------------------------------- 62
3.4熱泉口採集之礦物、岩石及沉積物資料對比---------------------- 64
3.4.1礦物(硫磺)------------------------------------------------ 64
3.4.2岩石------------------------------------------------------ 68
3.4.3沉積物---------------------------------------------------- 70
第四章 結論---------------------------------------------------- 73
參考文獻------------------------------------------------------- 74
中文部份------------------------------------------------------- 75
英文部份------------------------------------------------------- 78

表目錄
表1.1.1 沖澠海槽熱液活動區域概況------------------------------ 4
表2.1.1 熱泉口水深及8次採樣之泉口位置------------------------- 13
表3.1.1 龜山島採樣之熱泉口經緯度座標及首次調查日期------------ 27
表3.2.1 A測站噴口熱液及背景水溫之統計資料--------------------- 40
表3.3.1 龜山島熱泉口熱液水質資料------------------------------ 48
表3.3.2 龜山島熱泉氣泡中之氣體組成---------------------------- 55
表3.3.3 龜山島各泉口之流量概估表------------------------------ 63
表3.4.1 龜山島熱泉口週遭採集之礦物，沉積物及岩石之外觀描述---- 65
表3.4.2 熱泉海域所採集的硫礦之含硫百分率---------------------- 66
表3.4.3 硫磺灰燼以XRF測定及清華大學之測定結果----------------- 67
表3.4.4 泉口週遭採集岩石之成份分析表-------------------------- 69
表3.4.5 泉口週遭採集沉積物灰份之成份分析表-------------------- 70

圖目錄
圖1.2.1 台灣及鄰近地區之地體構造------------------------------ 7
圖1.2.2 龜山島之3D立體圖，圖中a,b,c分別代表龜首、龜甲及龜尾三
大主體外觀-------------------------------------------- 10
圖2.1.1. 熱泉口之氣體採集操作流程圖---------------------------- 14
圖3.1.1 水深地形調查之施測作業示意圖-------------------------- 22
圖3.1.2 水深地形調查之航線圖---------------------------------- 23
圖3.1.3 2000年4月19及20日，梗枋漁港實測潮位歷線圖------------- 25
圖3.1.4 經由地形量測繪製出的水深地形圖，龜首東側方框內表示經常
呈現白色之熱泉海域------------------------------------ 26
圖3.1.5 龜山島龜首東側海域之3D立體圖-------------------------- 28
圖3.2.1 水之飽和蒸氣壓曲線圖---------------------------------- 34
圖3.2.2 2000年4月-2001年4月，A測站之噴口熱液及背景站水溫之連續
記錄-------------------------------------------------- 36
圖3.2.3 2000年4月20日-6月12日，A泉口水溫及背景測站之實測值---- 37
圖3.2.4 2000年4月20日-6月12日，A泉口水溫及背景測站之25hr移動平
均---------------------------------------------------- 38
圖3.2.5 2000年5月4日起，往後96小時A泉口及背景站之溫度連續記錄- 41
圖3.2.6 圖3.2.3水位高度與泉口水溫經0,0.5,1.0,...,3.5,4.0小時之
相位差的移動後，兩者之迴歸關係圖---------------------- 42
圖3.2.7 畢莉絲颱風入侵台灣之行徑路線及當時之泉口水溫變化圖---- 43
圖3.2.7 E泉口連續量測之水溫記錄------------------------------- 45
圖3.3.1 F泉口之氫離子濃度對水樣溫度作圖----------------------- 53
圖3.3.2 石英於不同溫壓條件下的溶解度曲線---------------------- 59
圖3.3.3 三種矽濃度，於不同pH條件下的測定效率------------------ 61
圖3.3.4 測量泉口流量之螺旋計數器------------------------------ 63
圖3.4.1 火成岩之分類示意圖------------------------------------ 71
圖3.4.2 台灣火成岩區岩石之類型-------------------------------- 72

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