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博碩士論文 etd-0923117-141203 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0923117-141203
論文名稱
Title
改質氧化石墨烯/氧化鋁管狀複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾去除二座廢(污)水處理廠進流水中三種主要無機鹽類之效能評估
Performance Evaluation of Removing Three Major Inorganic Salts from Influents of Two Wastewater Treatment Plants by a Surface Modified Graphene Oxide/Al2O3 Tubular Composite Membrane Coupled with Electrocoagulation/Electrofiltration Process
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
198
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2017-07-04
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2017-10-23
關鍵字
Keywords
電混凝、無機鹽類、新興污染物、生活污水、管狀複合膜、電過濾、氧化石墨烯
municipal wastewater, emerging contaminants, inorganic salts, electrocoagulation, electrofiltration, graphene oxide, tubular composite membrane
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5677 次,被下載 9
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5677 times, has been downloaded 9 times.
中文摘要
隨著全球經濟日益蓬勃的發展,各式各樣的人造化學物質進入了人類的生活當中,同時也帶來了環境危害的相關議題,其中,新興污染物即是熱門議題之一,而無機鹽類則是水中常見污染物之一,若任其排放至自然水體則會有二次污染之風險。因此,本研究首先針對台灣南部某都市生活污水廠進/放流水中關切的8種鄰苯二甲酸酯類與13種藥物類(包括:6種抗生素類及7種非抗生素類)進行長期性逐月濃度監測;以及針對台灣南部都市生活污水處理廠及南部某校園污水處理廠進/放流水中3種主要的無機鹽類(包括:PO43-、SO42-及NO3-)進行密集性短時間濃度監測。結果顯示,在南部某都市生活污水處理廠進流水中,8種關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類以鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)、鄰苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHP)及鄰苯二甲酸二異壬酯(DiNP)為最常被檢出之化合物,而13種藥物類則以咖啡因(Caffeine)、乙醯胺酚(Acetaminophen)、先鋒黴素(Cefalexin)及磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole)最常被檢出,且上述6個化合物於進流水中之檢出濃度數百至數千ng/L,甚至是數十µg/L;另一方面,二座污水處理廠進流水中3種主要無機鹽類之檢出濃度介於數十至數千mg/L,其中,二座污水處理廠對於SO42-的去除能力有限,且該校園污水處理廠放流水中PO43-之殘留濃度高於放流水標準。
接著,本研究利用自行製備之改質氧化石墨烯/氧化鋁管狀複合膜結合同步電混凝/電過濾探討其對於水溶液中3種關切無機鹽類之去除效能,首先針對含有3種主要無機鹽類之模擬水樣進行不同參數影響去除率的探討,試驗結果顯示,在不同的pH(3、6及10)及電場強度(0 – 40 V/cm)下,以鋁作為犧牲性陽極對模擬水樣中PO43-、SO42-及NO3-之去除率皆比以鐵作為犧牲性陽極的組別佳,因此,後續實驗選定以鋁作為犧牲性陽極處理實際生活污水,針對選定之都市生活污水處理廠及校園污水處理廠,試驗結果顯示,分別在透膜壓差2.94 bar、掃流速度1.67 cm/s及電場強度 40 V/cm及透膜壓差2.94 bar、掃流速度1.67 cm/s及電場強度 30 V/cm之操作條件有最佳的去除成效,PO43-、SO42-及NO3-之去除率分別為98.3 – 99.2%、99.1 – 99.4%及96.1 – 98.6%。而在釋鋁量評估方面,比較不同電場強度下無機鹽類去除率與釋鋁量之關係,可得知電場強度與釋鋁量成正比,且無機鹽類的去除率在臨界電場強度時會達到一最佳的去除效果。最後,與其他使用電混凝技術處理無機鹽類之相關文獻比較得知,EC/EF程序無須在較高的電流密度下即可達到良好的去除效果,具技術可行性。
Abstract
The first objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and removal efficiencies of eight phthalate esters and 13 pharmaceuticals(including six antibiotics and seven non-antibiotics)present in the influent and effluent of a selected municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP)in southern Taiwan. A similar investigation was also conducted for three major inorganic salts (including PO43-, SO42- and NO3-)present in the influent and effluent of the said MWWTP and a selected campus wastewater treatment plant(CWWTP)in southern Taiwan. The monitoring results of influent of MWWTP showed that di-n-buty phthalate(DnBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP), and di-iso-nonyl phthalates(DiNP) were detected at relatively higher concentration and frequency in phthalates of concern. Also, caffeine, acetaminophen, cephalexin, and sulfamethoxazole were detected at relatively higher concentration and frequency. The concentrations of the aforementioned seven contaminants ranged from hundreds ng/L up to μg/L; the monitoring results of three major inorganic salts in influents of two selected WWTPs showed that the concertrations of three major inorganic salts ranged from dozens mg/L up to thousands mg/L. Meanwhile, the removal ability of SO42- in these two selected WWTPs is limited, and the concentration of PO43- from effluent of CWWTP is above the relevant effluent standard.
The second objective in this study was to evaluate the performance of the laboratory-prepared surface modified graphene oxide/alumina tubular composite membrane coupled with the simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration (EC/EF)process for the removal of three target inorganic salts in various aqueous solutions. For model solution containing the said three target inorganic salts, the operating parameters studied were electric field strength, pH, and anode material. As compared with iron anode, test results showed that aluminum as the aonde material yielded a better treatment performance for PO43-, SO42- and NO3- in model solution. Therefore, aluminum as the anode material was selected in later experiments for actual influents collected from two selected WWTPs.
Test results showed that the corresponding optimal conditions were 2.94 bar, 1.67 cm/s, 40 V/cm for the selected MWWTP, and 2.94 bar, 1.67 cm/s, and 30 V/cm for selected CWWTP. It was also determined that the removal efficiencies of PO43-, SO42- and NO3- for the selected MWWTP and CWWTP were 98.3–99.2%、99.1–99.4%及 96.1–98.6%, respectively. In this work, the relationship between the quantity of released Al and the removal efficiencies of the three target inorganic salts under different electric field strengths was also investigated. The results showed that the quantity of released Al and electric field strength were in direct proportion, and the optimal removal efficiencies of the three target inorganic salts was obtained under the critical electric field strength. As compared with electrocoagulation treatment results for inorganic salts reported by others, the application of EC/EF process has several additional advantages because it can be operated at a lower current density to yield a higher treatment efficiency in a short time.
目次 Table of Contents
論文審定書 i
謝誌 ii
摘要 iii
Abstrcat v
目錄 vii
圖目錄 xiii
表目錄 xviii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究內容 4
第二章 文獻回顧 9
2.1磷酸鹽 9
2.1.1磷酸鹽來源及影響 9
2.1.2磷酸鹽處理技術 11
2.2硫酸鹽 . 12
2.2.1硫酸鹽來源及影響 12
2.2.2硫酸鹽處理技術 13
2.3硝酸鹽 15
2.3.1硝酸鹽來源及影響 15
2.3.2硝酸鹽處理技術 17
2.4氧化石墨烯 19
2.4.1氧化石墨烯之製備方法 19
2.4.2 氧化石墨烯之特性及應用 20
2.5薄膜處理程序 23
2.5.1薄膜定義與特性 23
2.5.2薄膜分離程序 24
2.5.3薄膜組件之形式 26
2.5.4薄膜材質 27
2.6電混凝/電過濾處理程序 31
2.6.1電混凝理論 31
2.6.2掃流電過濾 36
2.6.3同步電混電混凝 電過濾程序 38
第三章 實驗材料、設備與方法 41
3.1 實驗材料 41
3.1.1 水樣來源 41
3.1.2 材料與試劑 42
3.2 實驗設備 45
3.2.1 化學氣相沉積設備 45
3.2.2 蒸氣壓氣體滲透偵測裝置 46
3.2.3 同步電混凝/電過濾模組處理系統 46
3.2.4 其他設備及儀器 47
3.3 實驗方法 50
3.3.1改質氧化石墨烯之製備 50
3.3.1.1氧化石墨烯XRD分析 51
3.3.2改質化石墨烯/氧化鋁管狀複合膜之製備 51
3.3.3含關切的無機鹽類之模擬水樣配製 52
3.3.4 同步電混凝/電過濾處理系統之操作 53
3.3.5濾液通量及去除率計算 54
3.3.6電極釋鋁量評估 54
3.3.7水樣及濾液品質分析方法 55
第四章 結果與討論 59
4.1兩個不同來源之廢 (污)水處理廠之進 /放流水中無機鹽類及新興污染物濃度調查及探討 59
4.2南部某都市生活污水處理廠之進/放流水中關切的新興污染物濃度調查及探討 60
4.2.1關切的鄰苯二甲酸酯類濃度分布 60
4.2.2關切的 非抗生素藥物類濃度分布 62
4.2.3關切的抗生素類藥物濃度分布 64
4.3進/放流水中關切的無機鹽類濃度調查及探討 67
4.3.1南部某都市生活污水處理廠 67
4.3.2南部某校園污水處理廠 68
4.4綜合探討 69
4.5氧化石墨烯之特性分析 73
4.6改質氧化石墨烯/氧化鋁管狀複合膜之特性分析 78
4.6.1改質氧化石墨烯 /氧化鋁管狀複合膜表面及橫截之顯微結構及特性分析 78
4.6.2 改質氧化石墨烯 /氧化鋁管狀複合膜孔徑分布 81
4.7改質氧化石墨烯 /氧化鋁管狀複合膜結同步電混凝/電過濾處理模擬水樣中無機鹽類之效能評估 83
4.7.1不同電場強度及極材質之影響 83
4.7.1.1以鋁作為陽極且在不同電場強度對於濾液通量之影響 83
4.7.1.2以鋁作為陽極且在不同電場強度對於濾液品質之影響 87
4.7.1.3以鐵作為陽極且在不同電場強度對於濾液通量之影響 89
4.7.1.4以鐵作為陽極且在不同電場強度對於濾液品質之影響 90
4.7.2不同 pH及不同電極材質之影響 92
4.7.2.1以鋁作為陽極且在不同pH值對於濾液通量之影響 92
4.7.2.2以鋁作為陽極且在不同pH值對於濾液品質之影響 93
4.7.2.3以鐵作為陽極且在不同pH值對於濾液通量之影響 97
4.7.2.4以鐵作為陽極且在不同pH值對於濾液品質之影響 99
4.7.3最佳操作條件對模擬水樣之處理成效 101
4.8改質氧化石墨烯/氧化鋁管狀複合膜結同步電混凝 /電過濾處 理兩個不同來源之廢(污)水中無機鹽類效能評估 102
4.8.1南部某都市生活污水處理廠之進流水 102
4.8.1.1電場強度對於濾液通量之影響 102
4.8.1.2電場強度對於濾液品質之影響 106
4.8.2南部某校園污水處理廠之進流水109
4.8.2.1電場強度對於濾液通量之影響 109
4.8.2.2電場強度對於濾液品質之影響 110
4.8.3最佳操作條件對該都市生活污水處理廠進流水及該校園污水處理廠進流水之成效 113
4.9電極釋鋁量及混凝效應之評估 115
4.10 EC/EF程序與污水廠現有設備之處理效能比較 122
4.11技術可行性評估 122
第五章 結論與建議 125
5.1 結論 125
5.2 建議 128
參考文獻 129
附錄 155
碩士在學期間發表之術論文 177
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