本論文研究電力系統非線性共振問題，一般而言鐵磁共振較常發生於低壓的配電系統，尤其在比壓器發生之機率最高。近年來由於用電量大量幅提昇，使得電力系統日趨複雜，及地下電纜的大量使用、鐵心材料及設計上之改進使得變壓器損失減少等因素，都使得鐵磁共振發生於超高壓等級的電力系統的機率大增。對於較複雜的三相系統模擬，一般採用d-q-0模型，它並不適合用來研究不平衡故障，同時需要更進一步的轉換，求解過程又變的相當複雜，最後得到的解仍然不準確。本論文提出三相展開法來求解非線性共振問題，本方法之最大優點是直接利用電機機械電磁耦合技術，不需作任何轉換，可提高計算的精確度，因此特別適用於電力系統設計及事故調查。再者，本文藉由國內345 kV系統的核能電廠所發生的非線性共振的實例，來模擬分析事故的成因，並提出解決方法，以證明本方法之實用性。

The dissertation studies the nonlinear resonance problems of power systems. Generally speaking, ferroresonance has usually occurred in low-voltage distribution system, especially for potential transformers. Due to the considerable increase of power consumption, the power system is more complex than before. Besides, a number of under-ground cables are used, and transformers’ loss reduce due to improvement of core iron material. These factors could probably result in ferroresnance occurring in extra-high-voltage power system. The dissertation proposed three-phase representation method to analyze unbalance and non-linear system. This method employ magnetically coupled electrical circuit techniques and the original voltage equations can be used without the need for any transformations, which improves significantly computation accuracy. Consequently, it is quite suitable for power system design and incident investigation. Since the traditional d-q-0 model is not well suited for the study of unbalanced faults and requires further transformation, the analytical solution becomes rather complicated and the solutions are still inaccurate. At last we simulated the ferroresonant overvoltages occurring at a nuclear power station in Taiwan in order to investigate the causes and afford mitigation. The simulation results were enough to prove accuracy and practicability of this method.

中文摘要…………………………………………………… I
英文摘要…………………………………………………… II
目錄………………………………………………………… III
圖表目錄…………………………………………………… VII
第一章 緒論……………………………………………… 1
1.1 研究背景………………………………………… 1
1.2 相關文獻探討…………………………………… 1
1.3 論文架構………………………………………… 4
第二章 電力系統非線性共振…………………………… 6
2.1 鐵心元件的飽和特性……………………………… 6
2.2 鐵磁共振基本觀念………………………………… 8
2.2.1 鐵磁共振之條件…………………………… 9
2.2.2 鐵磁共振的徵兆及預防…………………… 10
2.3 鐵磁共振之特性分析……………………………… 11
2.3.1 初值狀態對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 13
2.4 鐵磁共振之振盪模式……………………………… 14
2.5 電力系統非線性共振分析方法…………………… 16
第三章 電力系統非線性共振一般分析………………… 19
3.1 常發生電力系統故障分析………………………… 20
3.2 電力系統之運轉點………………………………… 23
3.3 系統相關參數變化對鐵磁共振之影響……………… 25
3.3.1 電壓變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 25
3.3.2 頻率變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 26
3.3.3 電容變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 28
3.4 電力變壓器運轉之實例模擬……………………… 29
3.4.1 變壓器各運轉點模擬………………………… 31
3.4.2 模擬結果分析……………………………… 34
3.5 本章結論………………………………………… 34
第四章 電力系統非線性共振精確分析………………… 35
4.1 理論分析………………………………………… 36
4.2 精確分析之圖解法………………………………… 38
4.3 相關參數變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 41
4.3.1 磁滯損失對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 41
4.3.2 電源變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 43
4.3.3 電容變化對鐵磁共振之影響………………… 44
4.4 三相線路單相斷線模擬…………………………… 45
4.4.1 模擬結果分析……………………………… 48
4.5 本章結論………………………………………… 50
第五章 以掃瞄法評估非線性共振過電壓區域………… 51
5.1 諧波之種類及影響……………………………… 51
5.1.1 諧波對電力系統之影響……………………… 53
5.1.2 諧波之解決方法…………………………… 53
5.2 頻率掃瞄法……………………………………… 54
5.2.1 程式流程圖………………………………… 55
5.2.2 實例分析…………………………………… 55
5.3 晶格法掃瞄過電壓區域…………………………… 60
5.3.1 程式流程圖………………………………… 62
5.3.2 實例分析…………………………………… 63
5.4 本章結論………………………………………… 65
第六章 電機機械三相展開法…………………………… 66
6.1 狀態空間法……………………………………… 67
6.2 電機機械三相展開法模型分析…………………… 68
6.2.1 電力變壓器………………………………… 68
6.2.2 靜態負載…………………………………… 69
6.2.3 感應電動機………………………………… 70
6.2.4 同步發電機………………………………… 73
6.2.5 輸電線路…………………………………… 76
6.3 電力系統多機互連系統…………………………… 77
6.3.1 節點分析法………………………………… 78
6.3.2 小型電力系統分析………………………… 80
6.4 故障分析………………………………………… 83
6.4.1 三相平衡故障……………………………… 83
6.4.2 單相接地…………………………………… 83
6.4.3 線碰線短路故障…………………………… 83
6.5 本章結論………………………………………… 86
第七章 345 kV電力系統線路共振實例分析…………… 87
7.1 共振迴路分析…………………………………… 87
7.1.1 全黑事故概述……………………………… 87
7.1.2 孤島系統之形成與分析……………………… 89
7.1.3 現場記錄分析……………………………… 91
7.2 系統模型之建立…………………………………… 94
7.2.1 時序分析…………………………………… 95
7.2.2 感應馬達之發電機效應……………………… 96
7.2.3 變壓器模型之建立………………………… 98
7.2.4 輸電線路模型之建立………………………… 101
7.3 模擬結果分析…………………………………… 101
7.3.1 345 kV開關場母線電壓……………………… 102
7.3.2 A串4.16 kV緊要母線電壓…………………… 105
7.3.3 13.8 kV RCP馬達及4.16 kV馬達群………… 108
7.4 故障原因探討…………………………………… 112
7.4.1 改善與建議………………………………… 112
7.5 本章結論………………………………………… 113
第八章 結論……………………………………………… 114
8.1 成果討論………………………………………… 114
8.2 未來研究展望…………………………………… 115
附件一、孤島系統模擬程式之單線圖…………………… 116
附件二、孤島系統設備資料……………………………… 117
參考文獻…………………………………………………… 120
個人著作…………………………………………………… 127
個人資料…………………………………………………… 129

[1] D. Ray Crane, and George W. Walsh, "Large mill power outages caused by potential transformer ferroresonance," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 24, No. 4, July 1988, pp. 635-640.
[2] Jefferson D. Bronfeld, "Ferroresonant overvoltages associated with utility interconnection of independent power producers," IEE Southern Tier Technical Conference, Oct. 1988, pp. 22-33.
[3] Boucherot, "Existence de deux r’egimes en ferroresonance," Rev. Gen. de L’Elec., Vol. 8, No. 24, Dec. 1920, pp. 827-828.
[4] Atomic Energy Council, "The station blackout incident of the Maanshan NPP Unit 1," Taiwan R.O.C., April 18, 2001.
[5] 核三廠事故安全調查團，"核三廠3A事故調查報告，" 中華民國90年4月2日.
[6] 曹大鵬，寧家慶，"核三廠電力系統線路共振與318事故模擬分析研究完成報告"，中華民國92年3月.
[7] Tacobison, D.A.N. and Menzies, R.W., "Investigation of station service transformer ferrosonance in Manitoba Hydro’s 230 kV Dorsey converter station," Proceedings of 2001 Intel. Conf. on Power Systems Transients, June 1997, Rio de Janaeiro.
[8] Don R. Sevcik and Charles W. Fromen, "HL&P CO. experiences with ferroresonance problems on EHV equipment," Houston Lighting & Power Company, Alington Texas, Sep. 1980.
[9] L. A. Neves and W. Dommel, "On modeling iron core nonlinearities," IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 8, No. 2, May 1993, pp. 417-425.
[10] Philippe Ferraci, (1998, Mar.). "Ferroresnance," Group Schneider Cahier Technique Series, No. 190, http://www.schneider-electric.com.
[11] Horak, J., "A review of ferroresonance," 2004 57th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, Apr. 2004, pp. 1-29.
[12] 李廷祥教授講稿, "超高壓電力系統之鐵磁共振問題、影響與解決方式," 中華民國90年9月.
[13] J.R. Marti, "Ferroresonance in power systems: fundamental solutions," IEE Proceedings-C, Vol. 138, No. 4, July 1991.
[14] 陳士麟，"變壓器鐵心共振現象之模擬，"國科會專題研究計畫成果報告，中華民國83年12月.
[15] Day, B.P., "Ferroresonance destroys transformers," Southeastcon '91, IEEE Proceedings, April 1991, Vol.1, pp. 568-578.
[16] Yunge Li, Wei Shi, Rui Qin, and Jilin Yang, "A systematical method for suppressing ferroresonance at neutral-grounded substations," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, July 2003, pp.1009-1014.
[17] Graovac, M., Iravani, R., Xiaolin Wang, and McTaggart, R.D., "Fast ferroresonance suppression of coupling capacitor voltage transformers," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, Jan 2003, pp. 158-163.
[18] Aghazadeh, R. and Sanaye-Pasand, M., "Damping of capacitive voltage substations ferroresonance using a suitable RLC filter," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution,, Vol. 151, Nov. 2004, pp. 721-727.
[19] Robert Hosrauf and Neil Nichols, "Avoiding potential transformer ferroresonant problems in industrial power systems," Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, May 1989, pp. 61-68.
[20] Mathew P. Ommen and Jeffery L. Kohler, "Effect of three-winding models on the analysis and protection of mine power systems," Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1993., Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE, Vol.3, Oct. 1993 pp. 2429-2435.
[21] Thor Henriksen, "How to avoid unstable time domai responses caused by transformer models," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 2002, pp. 516-522.
[22] Hopkinson, R. "Ferroresonance overvoltage control based on TNA tests on three-phase delta-wye transformer banks," IEEE Trans. on Application And System, Vol. 86, No. 10, Oct. 1967, pp. 289-293.
[23] Miri, S.M. and Keyhani, A., "Solution to the ferroresonant jump problem in three-phase power conditioning systems," Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, 1989, Conference Record, May 1989, pp. 87-92.
[24] Mozaffari, S., Sameti, M., and Soudack, A.C., "Effect of initial conditions on chaotic ferroresonance in power transformers," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 144, Issue 5, Sep. 1997, pp. 456-460.
[25] S.R. Naidu and B. A. Souza, "Analysis of ferroresonant circuits in the time and frequency domains," IEEE Trans. on Magnetic, Vol. 33, No. 5, July 1997, pp. 3340-3342.
[26] Van Craenenbroeck, T., Michiels, W. and Van Dommelen, D.,Lust, K., "Bifurcation analysis of three-phase ferroresonant oscillations in ungrounded power systems," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, April 1999, pp. 531-536.
[27] Bodger, P.S., Irwin, G..D., Woodford, D.A., and Gole, A.M., "Bifurcation route to chaos for a ferroresonant circuit using an electromagnetic transients program," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 143, May 1996, pp. 238-242.
[28] Wornle, F., Harrison, D.K., and Chengke Zhou, "Analysis of a ferroresonant circuit using bifurcation theory and continuation techniques," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, Jan 2005, pp. 191-196.
[29] 魏忠必, "電力系統次諧波鐵共振現象之研究," 國立成功大學電機工程研究所碩士論文, 中華民國75年.
[30] H. Lamba, M. Grinfeld, S. McKee, and R. Simpson, "Subharmonic ferrosonance in an LCR circuit with hysteresis," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 4, July 1997, pp. 2495-2500.
[31] S. Mozaffari, S. Henschel, A.C. Soudack, "Chaotic ferroresonance in power transformers," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 142, No. 3, May 1995, pp. 247-250.
[32] Alona Ben-tai, Vivien Kirk, and Graeme Wake, "Banded chaos in power systems," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan. 2001.
[33] E. A. Araujo, A.C. Soudack, and J. R. Marti, “Ferroresonance in power systems: chaotic behavior," IEE Proc.-C, Vol. 140, No. 3, May 1993. pp. 237-240.
[34] Al Zahawi, B.A.T., Emin, Z. and Tong, Y.K., "Chaos in ferroresonant wound voltage transformers: effect of core losses and universal circuit behaviour," IEE Proceedings-Science, Measurement and Technology, Vol. 145, Jan. 1998, pp. 39-43.
[35] Endo, H., Marinova, I., Takagi, T., Hayano, S., and Saito, Y., "Dynamics on ferroresonant circuit exhibiting chaotic phenomenon," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 40, March 2004, pp. 868-871.
[36] Emin, Z., Al Zahawi, B.A.T., Yu Kwong Tong, and Ugur, M., "Quantification of the chaotic behavior of ferroresonant voltage transformer circuits," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 48, June 2001, pp. 757-760.
[37] Gagnon, R, Viarouge, P, Sybille, and G, Tourkhani, F, "Identification of ferroresonance as the cause of SVC instability in a degraded series compensated network," IEEE2004 PES Winter Meeting, Vol. 2, Jan. 2000, pp. 1377-1382.
[38] Chen, X.S., Neudorfer, P., and Cheng, S, "Simulation of ferroresonance in low-loss grounded wye-wye transformers using a new multi-legged transformer model in EMTP," APSCOM-93, Dec 1993, pp. 718-724.
[39] Technology Transfer & Training Ltd., "Multi-machine multi-node power system transient analysis program manual," 2002.
[40] Smith, J. R. and Chen, M. (1994), "Three-phase electrical machine systems," Research studies Press Ltd. ISBN 0 86380 149 8.
[41] Paul C. Krause and Oleg Wasynczuk, “Analysis of electric machinery,” McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1989, pp. 206-210.
[42] Handi Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1999.
[43] Georgios D. A. Ph. D. thesis, "Simulation, Control and Stabilization of Power Systems, " University of Strathclyde UK, Feb. 1998.
[44] T. P. Tsao, S. L. Chen, C. L. Huang, W. C. Lin, "Dynamic response analysis of marine power systems, " IEE Proceedings-C, Vol. 135 , No. 1 , Jan. 1988, pp. 74-78.
[45] Smith, J. R., Grant, D. M., Al-Mashgari, A., and Slater, R. D., "Operation of subsea electrical submersible pumps supplied over extended length cable systems," Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 147, Issue: 6, Nov. 2000, pp. 544 -552.
[46] "Ferroresonance can damage your plant," IEE Colloquium on Warning! Ferroresonance Can Damage Your Plant, Nov. 1997.
[47] Jacobson, D. A. N., "Examples of ferroresonance in a high voltage power system," PES General Meeting, 2003, IEEE, Vol. 2, July 2003, pp. 1206-1212.
[48] T. Tran-Quoc, L. Pierrat, A. Montmeat, and A. Giard, "Harmonic overvoltages in industrial power system with capacitors and saturated transformers,” Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 3, Oct. 1995, pp. 2206–2210.
[49] M. Sanaye-Pasand, R. Aghazadeh, and H. Mohseni, "Ferroresonance occurrence during energization of capacitive voltage substations," Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2003, IEEE, Vol. 2, July 2003, pp. 601-606.
[50] Tong, Y.K, "NGC experience on ferroresonance in power transformers and voltage transformers on HV transmission systems," IEE Colloquium on Warning! Ferroresonance Can Damage Your Plant (Digest No: 1997/349), Nov. 1997 pp. 4/1 - 4/3.
[51] Walling, R.A., Barker, K.D., Compton, T.M. and Zimmerman, L.E, "Ferroresonant overvoltages in grounded wye-wye padmount transformers with low-loss silicon steel cores," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, July 1993, pp. 1647-1660.
[52] Jacobson, D.A.N., Lehn, P.W., and Menzies, R.W., "Stability domain calculations of period-1 ferroresonance in a nonlinear resonant circuit," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, July 2002, pp. 865-871.
[53] Woodford, D.A., "Solving the ferroresonance problem when compensating a DC converter station with a series capacitor," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, Aug. 1996, pp. 1325-1331.
[54] Owen C. Parks, Adly A. Girgis, and Marion E. Frick, "Simulation ferroresonance in a series compensated distribution network," Harmonics and Quality of Power, 2000. Proceedings, Vol. 1, Oct. 2000, pp. 162-167.
[55] Zhu Xukai, Yang Yihan, Lian Hongbo, and Tan Weipu, "Study on ferroresonance due to electromagnetic PT in ungrounded neutral system, " IEEE PowerCon, Vol. 1, Nov. 2004, pp. 924-929.
[56] Saravanaselvan, R., Ramanujam, R., Al-Anbarri, K., Naresh, S.L., "Ferroresonant oscillations in a transformer terminated line due to an energised parallel line on the same right-of-way," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 152, Issue 4, July 2005, pp. 475-482.
[57] S. K. Chakravarthy and C. V. Nayar, "Parallel ferroresonant oscillations in electrical power systems," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 42, No. 9, Sep. 1995, pp. 530-534.
[58] Kieny, C. "Application of the biffucation theory in studying and understanding the global behavior of the ferroresonant electric power circuit," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, April 1991, pp. 866-872.
[59] Short, T., Burke, J., and Mancao, R., "Application of MOVs in the distribution environment," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, Jan. 1994, pp. 293-305.
[60] Janssens, N., Van Craenenbroeck, T., Van Dommelen, D. and Van De Meulebroeke, F., "Direct calculation of the stability domains of three-phase ferroresonance in isolated neutral networks with grounded neutral voltage transformers," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, July 1996, pp. 1546-1553.
[61] N. Janssents and F. Van Meulebroeke, "Stability analysis of ferroresonant oscillations in networks with isolated neutral," Devices, Circuits and Systems, 1995. Proceedings of the 1995 First IEEE International Caracas Conference, Dec. 1995, pp. 41-45.
[62] Pierrat, L., Tran-Quoc, T., and Montmeat, A., "Nonlinear transient simulation of transformers," Industry Applications Conference, 1995. Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, IAS '95., Vol. 2, Oct. 1995, pp. 1193-1198.
[63] Xusheng Chen and Venkata, S.S., "A three-phase three-winding core-type transformer model for low-frequency transient studies," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, April 1997, pp. 775-782.
[64] 葉進純, "三相變壓器之暫態分析," 國立成功大學電機工程研究所博士論文, 中華民國77年.
[65] Emin, Z., Al Zahawi, B.A.T., Auckland, D.W., and Tong, Y.K., "Ferroresonance in electromagnetic voltage transformers: a study based on nonlinear dynamics," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 144, July 1997, pp. 383-387.
[66] Lesieutre, B.C., Mohamed, J.A., and Stankovic, A.M., "Analysis of ferroresonance in three-phase transformers," IEEE PowerCon 2000, Vol. 2, Dec. 2000, pp. 1013-1018.
[67] IEEE Working Group, "Modeling and analysis guidelines for slow transient-part Ⅲ:the study of ferroresonance," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, pp. 255-265.
[68] T. Tran-Quoc and L. Pierrat, "An efficient nonlinear transformer model and its application to ferroresonance study," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 31, No. 3, May 1995, pp. 2060-2063.
[69] 魏忠必, "變壓器磁滯迴路模式應用於電力系統暫態分析之研究," 國立成功大學電機工程研究所博士論文, 中華民國77年.
[70] S.R. Naidu and B.A. Souza, "Analysis of ferroresonance circuits using a newton-raphson scheme," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, July 1997, pp. 1793-1798.
[71] Wornle, F., Harrison, D.K. and Zhou, C, "Estimation of the model parameters of ferroresonant circuits using jump voltage assignment," IEE Proceedings- Circuits, Devices and Systems, Vol. 152, Feb. 2005, pp. 76-82.
[72] Adkins, B. and Harley, R.G.., "The general theory of alternating current machines," Chapman and Hall, 1975.
[73] Ray, S., "Analysis of transient behaviour of power system circuits containing iron cored coils," IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 138, July 1991, pp. 275-282.
[74] IEEE Committee Report (1990): Dynamic models for fossil fueled steam unit in power system studies. IEEE paper 90, SM 327-7PWRS.
[75] T. Tran-Quoc, L. Pierrat, A. Montmeat, and O. Huet, "A dynamic model of power transformers," Electrotechnical Conference, 1996. MELECON '96, 8th Mediterranean, Vol. 1, May 1996, pp. 313-316.
[76] IEEE Std 112-1996, "IEEE standard test procedure for polyphase induction motors and generators," IEEE approved Sep.1996, ANSI approved Feb.1997.
[77] A. Charette, J. Xu, A. Lakhsasi, Z. Yao, and V. Rajagopalan, "Modeling and validation of asynchronous machine taking into account the saturation effects," IEEE IAS 1996, Vol. 3, pp 1538-1541.
[78] J.O. Ojo, A. Consoli, and T.A. Lipo, "An improved model of saturated induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, No 2, March/April 1990, pp 212-220.
[79] T.A. Lipo and A. Consoli, "Modeling and simulation of induction motors with saturable leakage reactance," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 20, No 1, Jan./Feb. 1984, pp 180-189.
[80] K. E. Yeager, "Bus transfer of multiple induction motor loads in a 400 MW fossil power plant," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3, No. 3, Sep. 1988, pp. 451-457.
[81] Roger H. Daugherty, "Bus transfer of AC induction motors, a perspective," Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1990, Vol. 2, Oct. 1990, pp. 935-943.
[82] Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric machinery fundamentals,” 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1999, pp. 437-439.
[83] J.R. Willis, G.J. Brock, and J.S. Edmonds, "Derivation of induction motor models from standstill frequency response tests," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 4, Dec. 1989, pp. 608-613.
[84] Yuji Akiyama, "Induction motor residual voltage, " Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1990, Oct. 1990, pp.24-29.
[85] McKee, S. and Simpson, R., "Ferroresonance and Preisach theory," IEE Colloquium, Nov. 1997, pp. 3/1-314.
[86] 電力調度處，"台電一次系統發輸變電常數," 中華民國84年12月修訂.
[87] Walling, R.A., Hartana, R.K., Reckard, R.M., Sampat, M.P., and Balgie, T.R, “Performance of metal-oxide arresters exposed to ferroresonance in padmount transformers,"IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, Issue 2, April 1994, pp. 788-795.
[88] Leonard J. Bohmann, John McDaniel, and E. Keith Stanek, "Lightning arrester failure and ferroresonance on a distribution system,"IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 6, Nov. 1993, pp. 1189-1195.
[89] Al-Anbarri, K., Ramanujam, R., Keerthiga, T., and Kuppusamy, K., "Analysis of nonlinear phenomena in MOV connected transformer" IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 148, Nov. 2001, pp.562-566.
[90] R.A. Walling, R.K. Hartana, M.P., M.P. Sampat, and T.R. Balgie, "Performance of metal Oxide arresters exposed to ferroresonance in padmount transformers," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 2, April, 1994, pp.788-795.
[91] Li, C.C., Chen, S.L., Huang, J.S. Yang, C.C. Chen, U.H., Chen, K.L., and Liao, S.A., "A study on the feasibility to install surge absorber at low-voltage side of 345 kV and 161 kV start-up transformer in the 3rd nuclear power plant," Monthly Journal of Taipower’s Engineering, Vol. 666, Feb. 2004, pp. 17-31.