甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶 (ascorbate peroxidase, APX) 是穀胱甘肽—抗壞血酸循環 (glutathione - ascorbate cycle) 中的一個清除活性氧 (ROS) 關鍵酵素，以抵禦植物在環境逆境所誘導的氧化壓力。抗壞血酸過氧化酶是以抗壞血酸作為電子供應者，以催化過氧化氫產生水和氧氣。而乙烯利 (ethephon) 是一種乙烯釋放物質，可促進葉片老化和 H2O2 含量上升，此現象應與在甘藷葉片中氧化態的抗壞血酸 (AsA) 含量增加有關。 抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因是否有參與乙烯誘導的葉片老化過程尚未被釐清。在此研究，由甘藷葉片選殖出的被推定為抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因的ORF (open reading frame) 含有753個核苷酸（250個胺基酸），且與其他植物物種的抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因序列具有高相似性 (84% ~ 92%)，這些物種為菸草(Nicotiana tabacum)、辣椒(Capsicum annuum)、短果茴芹(Pimpinella Brachycarpa)、茄子(Solanum melongena)、馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum)、陸地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)、大豆(Glycine max) 和豇豆(Vigna unguiculata) 。基因表現分析顯示SPAPX基因在甘藷成熟葉片表現量最多，隨著葉片老化過程其表現量明顯減少。在ethephon處理甘藷葉片24小時後， SPAPX 基因的表現量顯著增加，且在ethephon處理48和72小時後基因表現量明顯減少。在NaCl 逆境下， SPAPX 基因表現量會在鹽分處理第3天後顯著增加，之後逐漸減少。在葉片老化過程中，H2O2 含量、脂質過氧化物 (malondialdehyde, MDA) 和離子滲漏程度皆會明顯增加，而與SPAPX 基因表現量分析呈現負相關。再者，外加SPAPX融合蛋白可以延緩乙烯所誘導的葉片老化。綜上所述，甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶可能參與清除ethephon和NaCl誘導甘藷葉片老化過程中所造成活性氧物質。

Ascorbate peroxidase (APXs) is a key enzyme of glutathione-ascorbate cycle and plays an important role in the removal of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and protection against oxidative stress in plants under developmental cues and environmental stresses. With ascorbic acid as the electron donor, APXs catalyze the conversion of H2O2into H2O and O2.Ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, promoted leaf senescence and H2O2 elevation, which correlated with the increased level of oxidized AsA in sweet potato leaves. The APX gene and its association with ethephon mediated effects, whereas, mostly remains unclear. In this report, a full-length cDNA, SPAPX, encoding putative ascorbate peroxidase has been cloned from sweet potato leaves. Its open reading frame contains 753 nucleotides (250 amino acids) and exhibits high amino acid sequence identity (ca. 84% to 92%) with various plant APXs, including Nicotiana tabacum, Capsicum annuum, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Gossypium hirsutum, Glycine max, and Vigna unguiculata. Gene expression patterns showed that SPAPX was remarkably enhanced in mature leaves, then drastically reduced in partially and completely yellow senescent leaves. Ethephon significantly promoted SPAPX expression within the first 24 h, and the induction was much reduced at 48 and 72 h after treatment. NaCl stress also temporarily enhanced SPAPX expression starting from day 3 to day 6, and then gradually decreased until day 9 after treatment. During leaf senescence, the H2O2 amount, malondialdehyde (MDA) and ion leakage levels were also significantly increased and exhibited a negative correlation with the SPAPX expression patterns. Furthermore, exogenous purified SPAPX fusion protein significantly mitigated ethephon-mediated leaf senescence. These data conclude for the first time that an ethephon and NaCl stress-inducible ascorbate peroxidase (SPAPX) has been cloned and exhibits a negative association with ethephon and NaCl stress induced.leaf senescence and H2O2 elevation. A speculated role of SPAPX in the protection against ROS and leaf senescence caused by ethephon or NaCl stress in sweet potato leaf is suggested.

論文審定書………………………………..………………………………………….....i
誌謝………………………………………………………..…………………................ii
中文摘要………….…………………………………………………………......iii
英文摘要…………….…………………………………………………………...........iv
目錄……………………………………………………………….……………………v
圖次...........................................................................................................................vii
壹、緒論……………………………………………………………..……………....1
甘藷……………….……………………………………………………………1
葉片老化的生理及生化機制…………………………………………...............1
乙烯與氧化逆境…………………………………………………………………..2
鹽分逆境與葉片老化……….…………………………………………................3
抗氧化酵素與氧化逆境……………………..............................................4
抗壞血酸過氧化酶….…………………………………………….…................5
目的與重要性.....................................................................................7
貳、研究材料與方法.....................................................................................8
(一)研究材料…………………………………………………………………….8
甘藷…......................................................................................................8
(二)實驗方法………………………………………………………………………….8
A. 基因選殖和生物資訊學分析.......................................................................8
B. 甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因 ( SPAPX ) 的定性分析…………………………9
C. 甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因 ( SPAPX ) 表現載體的構築
與誘導融合蛋白的表現和純化……………………………………….…........10
D.外加不同劑量的 SPAPX 融合蛋白及 Ethephon 處理
甘藷成熟葉片…………………………………………...………………………11
※各項分析方法........................................................................................11
Total RNA 抽取…........................................................................................11
RT-PCR………………………………………………………….....................12
聚合酶連鎖反應 ( PCR ) ………………....................................................13
葉綠素含量………………………………………………………………………14
光合作用效率 ( Fv/Fm value ) ……………………………………………….14
DAB 染色分析……………………………………….……………………….15
H2O2 定量分析…………………………………………………………………15
MDA 含量分析…………………………………………………………….........15
cDNA 分子選殖………………….……………………………………………16
Gel extraction…………………………………………………………………16
DNA ligation………………………………………………………………16
Transformation………………………………………………………………17
質體純化 ( Plasmid isolation ) ………………………………………………17
SPAPX 融合蛋白的純化……………………………………………………18
轉型 SPAPX 至 BL21 ( DE3 )………………………………………………18
培養可表現 SPAPX 的勝任細胞 BL21 ( DE3 ) 及誘導…………………18
親和性管柱層析純化 SPAPX 融合蛋白……………………………………19
蛋白質濃度測定………………………………….…………………………19
SDS-PAGE 電泳分析……………………………….………………………19
參、結果…..………………………………………………………………………..21
A. 基因選殖和生物資訊學分析………...……………………………………..21
B. 甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶基因 ( SPAPX ) 的定性分析………………………25
Ⅰ. SPAPX 在不同葉片生長發育階段的表現…………………………….……25
Ⅱ. 在成熟甘藷葉片中，SPAPX 基因表現受 Ethephon 誘導………………...26
Ⅲ. 在成熟甘藷葉片中，SPAPX 基因表現受 NaCl 逆境誘導…….………….29
C. 甘藷抗壞血酸過氧化酶融合蛋白 ( SPAPX )
延緩 Ethephon 誘導的甘藷葉片老化………………………………………31
Ⅰ. SPAPX 融合蛋白的誘導與純化………………………………………..31
Ⅱ. SPAPX 融合蛋白延緩 Ethephon 誘導的甘藷葉片老化…………………31
肆、討論……………………………………………………………………………….34
伍、參考文獻..........................................................................................................37

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