隨著電動車快速發展，充電機及其周邊基礎設備成為電動車發展中重要的一環。為了解決大量電動車充電可能造成之問題，相關產業必須事先研究電動車充電對供電系統所造成之衝擊，並擬定因應措施。以往的技術係利用充電站能源管理系統，藉由通訊設備將充電機的資訊回傳至中央控制中心，再透過集中控制的方式進行充電機的功率控制。然而集中控制方式較難實現於未來為數甚多且分處各地的充電機，因其分布的地理位置較廣，較難形成一監控區域。由於電網電壓可以直接反應出供電系統狀態，且同時考量到用戶的充電急迫性，對於電池殘餘容量較低之車輛，應有較高之充電優先權，然而電網電壓與電池殘餘容量並無直接關係，故本文開發一全分散式控制智慧充電機，藉由量測電網電壓以及電動車電池組的殘餘容量，並透過模糊控制器適當地調整充電機輸出功率。當電網電壓過低時，智慧充電機可根據電池組的殘餘容量調整充電機輸出功率，以降低供電系統於尖峰用電時之負擔。
為驗證本文所提出之全分散式控制電動車智慧充電機確實可有效降低電動車於充電過程中所導致之問題，本文設計一模擬平台，模擬分析充電機於充電過程中對系統之影響，並開發一小型電動車充電機，將所提出之全分散式智慧控制功能應用於小型電動車充電機，驗證本文所提出之全分散式控制電動車智慧充電機於實際運用之可行性。所設計之小型電動車充電機，包含交直流轉換器與雙相交錯式同步降壓轉換器兩部份。此外，本文所採用之雙相交錯式同步降壓轉換器可根據充電時之輸出電壓/電流，適當地調整轉換器操作於兩相交錯降壓模式或單相降壓模式，以提升轉換器於輕載時之效率，降低電池於充電過程中所導致的電能轉換損失。

With the rapid development of Electric Vehicles (EVs), charging demands increase dramatically. EV chargers become one of the most important parts of the development of EVs. In order to prevent the charging impact on power system, the relative industry must study in advance and propose the appropriate measures based on it. The centralized energy management system (EMS), which acquires the charging data to a control center and then exploits energy management method to control the chargers, has been accepted as an effective method in mitigating charging impact on power system. However, the centralized EMS is difficult to be implemented in widespread chargers. As the grid voltage can reflect the status of the power system directly, and take into account the user's urgency of charging. The EV with lower SOC should get higher charging priority. However, there is no relationship between grid voltage and SOC. Hence, a fully decentralized-controlled smart EV charger is proposed in this thesis. The smart EV charger uses the parameters measured from the power grid and EV battery pack to adjust the charging power by Fuzzy controller. When the grid voltage is too low, the smart charger can adjust the output power of the charger according to the battery SOC. In order to reduce the charging impact on power grids during peak load.
In order to verify that the smart EV charger proposed in this thesis can mitigate the charging impact on power grids, this thesis designs a platform to simulate and analyze the influence of the power system during the charging process. This thesis also designs the small specification of EV charger which include rectifier and converter to experiment the fully decentralized-controlled smart EV charger. In order to improve the efficiency at light loads, the two-phase synchronous buck converter which used in this thesis can change its operation mode according to the charging voltage/current.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 iii
摘要 iv
Abstract v
目錄 vi
圖次 viii
表次 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 3
1.3 章節概要 5
第二章 電動車充電能源管理系統簡介 6
2.1 集中型能源管理系統 6
2.2 分散型能源管理系統 9
第三章 全分散式控制智慧充電機架構 12
3.1 模糊理論與模糊控制器簡介 12
3.2 分散式智慧控制架構 14
3.3 智慧充電機參數最佳化 20
第四章 小型電動車充電機設計與開發 31
4.1 交直流轉換器 33
4.2 雙相交錯式同步降壓轉換器 36
4.3 小型電動車充電機電路設計與開發 52
4.3.1 電感設計 52
4.3.2 開關驅動電路 55
4.3.3 取樣電路 56
4.4 小型電動車充電機程式設計流程 59
第五章 模擬及實驗結果 61
5.1 模擬結果 61
5.1.1 案例一 66
5.1.2 案例二 75
5.2 實驗結果 84
5.2.1 小型電動車充電機實測結果 84
5.2.2 分散型智慧充電機實測結果 92
第六章 結論與未來方向 99
參考文獻 101

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