此論文主要在詳細闡述奧地利公司支持員工進修教育的決策過程，為了較易理解影響決策過程的因素，也更進一步的討論在決策過程中不同部門間的政治力及影響力。本論文奠基於半結構性訪談，此研究法有助於獲得公司人力資源部門以及部門內決策者對於支持員工進修及職涯發展的見解。

根據本研究結果顯示，對於組織而言培訓及學習有著不一樣的價值，這也造成有不同的授與決策過程。培訓為了取得工作所需最低的技能必備得過程，而培訓可以有不同的形式，甚至是回到大學體系的教育。兩者不同的價值對於公司是否要贊助培訓扮演了重要的角色。當公司能夠將教育視為對組織直接的利益而非員工福利時，這樣的教育才會被支持。

為了全面檢視公司進修教育的好處並協助決策過程，公司需要更好的評估技能。然而，此研究受限於受訪公司有限的時間及資源瓶頸。整體而言，未來研究可延伸至這種現象在不同的公司中有何相似之處，以及是否存在導致這種行為的行業特定因素。

The following thesis elaborates on an Austrian company’s decision making process for supporting employees to further their education. Moreover, looking at the power, politics and influence that the different departments have in the decision making process to gain a better understanding of what influences this process.
This thesis is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, which help to gain company insights from the Human Resource Department, and from the decision makers in the departments for supporting employees in further education and job development.
The results show that there is a different value for the organization between training and learning, which results in a different decision when granting it. Trainings are mandatory to get the minimum skills required for the job, whereas learning could go as far as going back to university. These different values for the company play a role when making the decision to sponsor it.
In times of economic struggle, the power and politics interplay plays an important role, not so when there is enough budget for education. The company values such as family-owned, top-class and innovation play a role which status the people in the company have and how the company is interested in the employee’s careers to have a mutual benefit.
The company would need better evaluation techniques in place to fully understand and examine what benefits further education has on the company and to help in the decision-making process. Further research is needed to examine to what extent this Phenomenon is similar in different companies and if there are any industry specific factors which lead to this behaviour.

Validation letter
Authorization letter
摘 要
Abstract
Table of Content
Table of Figures
Table of Tables
1. Introduction
1.1. Aim and Research Question
1.2. The company Silhouette
2. Literature Review
2.1. History of Career Development
2.1.1. Career Self-Management
2.1.2. Career Success
2.1.3. Global Careers
2.1.4. Sustainable Careers
2.1.5. Social Cognitive Career Theory
2.2. The Role of Education
2.2.1. Terminology
2.3. Organizational Learning and Development
2.3.1. Strategic Learning and Development
2.3.2. Benefits and Obstacles
2.4. Evaluation and Assessment
2.4.1. Return on Expectation (ROE)
2.4.2. Return on Investment (ROI)
2.4.3. The Transfer Effectiveness Model
2.5. Decision Making
2.5.1. Rational Decision Making
2.5.2. Routine Decision Making
2.5.3. Power
2.5.4. Politics
2.5.5. Influence
3. Methodology
4. Findings and Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. Limitations and Future Research
7. References
8. Appendix
8.1. Interview Guide

Aarts, H., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2000). Habits as knowledge structures: Automaticity in goal-directed behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, pp. 53-63.
Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Poteet, M. L., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, pp. 127-136.
Anderson, V. (2007). The value of learning: from return on investment to return on expectation. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Amstrong's handbook human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of organizational behavior, pp. 177-202.
Astley, W. G., & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural sources of intraorganizational: Power: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of management review, pp. 104-113.
Austrian Government. (2018). § 4 Abs 4 Z 7 Einkommensteuergesetz 1988. Retrieved from Rechtsinformationssystem: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10004570.
Bakan, I. (2000). The importance of formal employee education in the world of growing uncertainty. Challenges for Business Administrators in the New Millennium, pp. 341-355.
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on psychological science, pp. 164-180.
Betsch, T., Haberstroh, S., & Hohle, C. (2002). Explaining routinized decision making: A review of theories and models. Theory & Psychology, pp. 453-488.
Boella, M. J. (1992). Human resource management in the hospitality industry. Cheltenham: Stanly Thornes.
Braga, B. (2018). Earnings dynamics: The role of education throughout a worker’s career. Labour Economics, pp. 83-97.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press.
Chiaburu, D. S., & Lindsay, D. R. (2008). Can do or will do? The importance of self-efficacy and instrumentality for training transfer. Human Resource Development International, pp. 199-206.
Clegg, S. R., Courpasson, D., & Phillips, N. (2006). Power and organizations. Pine Forge Press.
Dandara, O. (2014). Career education in the context of lifelong learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 306-310.
De Vos, A., & Van der Heijden, B. (2017). Current thinking on contemporary careers: the key roles of sustainable HRM and sustainability of careers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, pp. 41-50.
De Vos, A., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2015). Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Dictionary.com. (2018). Definition Human Capital. Retrieved from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/human-capital.
Direnzo, M. S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2011). Job search and voluntary turnover in a boundaryless world: A control theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, pp. 567-589.
El-Dabbagh, T. (2018). Eyes on People: Head Of Human Resources. Retrieved from http://www.silhouette-international.com/silhouette/career/stories/_stories/Tarek-El-Dabbagh.en.php.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Brouer, R. L., & Munyon, T. P. (2012). Political Skill in the Organizational Sciences. In G. R. Ferris, & D. C. Treadway, Politics in Organizations: Theory and Research Considerations (pp. 487-529). Taylor and Francis.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewe, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, pp. 290-320.
Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Kossek, E. E. (2014). The contemporary career: A work–home perspective. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., pp. 361-388.
Grünig, R., & Kühn, R. (2017). Solving Complex Decision Problems. Springer.
Harris, J. N., Russel, Z. A., Maher, L. P., & Ferris, G. R. (2015). Power, Politics, and Influence in Organizations. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 770-775.
Harrison, R. (2009). Learning and Development . London: CIPD.
Heitzman, A. (2015). Employer Tuition Assistance: The Pros & Cons. Retrieved from Inc: https://www.inc.com/adam-heitzman/employer-tuition-assistance-the-pros-amp-cons.html.
Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one's way. Journal of applied psychology, pp. 440-452.
Kirkpatrick, D. L., & Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2006). Evaluating training programs : the four levels. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hakcett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. Career choice and development, pp. 255-311.
Mavin, S., Lee, L., & Robson, F. (2010). The evaluation of learning and development in the workplace: A review of the literature. Higher Education Funding Council for England, Bristol.
Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, pp. 509-536.
Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around Organizations. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding power in organizations. California management review, pp. 29-50.
Pfeffer, J. (2010). Power: Why some people have it -and others don't. New York: HarperCollins.
Phillips, J. J. (1997). Measuring return on investment. American Society for Training and Development.
Phillips, J. J. (2009). Show me the money: How to determine ROI in people, projects, and programs. ReadHowYouWant. com.
Reynolds, J., Caley, L., & Manson, R. (2002). How Do People Learn? London: CIPD.
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.
Rowden, R. W. (2005). Exploring methods to evaluate the return-on-investment from training. Business Forum, pp. 31-37.
Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1974). The bases and use of power in organizational decision making: The case of a university. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 453-473.
Shaffer, M. A., Kraimer, M. L., Chen, Y. P., & Bolino, M. C. (2012). Choices, challenges, and career consequences of global work experiences: A review and future agenda. Journal of Management, pp. 1282-1327.
Silhouette International Schmid AG. (2008). Facts & Figures. Retrieved from http://www.silhouette-international.com/silhouette/company/facts-and-figures/index.en.php.
Silhouette International Schmied AG. (2018). Silhouette Values. Retrieved from http://www.silhouette-international.com/silhouette/company/values-and-visions/index.en.php.
Sparks, S. D. (2012). Study Pinpoints Educator-Employer Disconnects. Education Week, p. 5.
Stuart, R. (2015). Annual survey report. Learning and development. London: CIPD. Retrieved from cipd.co.uk/learninganddevelopmentsurvey.
Thijssen, J. G., Van der Heijden, B. I., & Rocco, T. S. (2008). Toward the employability—link model: current employment transition to future employment perspectives. Human Resource Development Review, pp. 165-183.
Ueno, K., & Krause, A. (2018). Overeducation, perceived career progress, and work satisfaction in young adulthood. Social Stratification and Mobility, pp. 51-62.
Walton, J. (1999). Strategic Human Resource Development. Harlow: Financal Times Management.
Weinbauer, I. (2015). Die Verbreitung Von Transferpraktiken in Österreich: Eine Neo-institutionalistische Betrachtung Des Researche-Practice Gaps Der Transferforschung. Linz: JKU.
whatchado GmbH. (2018). Silhouette International. Retrieved from https://www.whatchado.com/en/channels/silhouette-international.