本文研究臺灣閩南語中陽平調（LM tone）如何被該語言的聽者用作口語斷詞線索，同時探討該聲調形塑其斷詞策略至何種程度。聽者將一串語流切分為個別詞彙的過程有部分受到母語詞彙韻律的影響。例如，英語重音音節多出現詞首位置，使英語聽者傾向將這種音節當作詞首位置的線索（Cutler & Norris, 1988； Tyler & Cutler, 2009）。作為一個變調無所不在的聲調語言，臺灣閩南語為一值得研究的案例。在調群內，即變調的韻律範疇內，最後音節維持其本調而其他音節唸變調。由於臺灣閩南語的唯一上升調陽平調僅發生在調群尾端，而此位置經常亦是詞尾，本文首先檢視該聲調是否為切割臺灣閩南語詞彙的線索。
　　研究採用一項詞彙偵測實驗（word-spotting experiment）以探究此問題。實驗中，臺灣閩南語單音節名詞（如：[laŋLM≈laŋMM]，人）為須被偵測的目標詞，而該詞藏在一串無意義音節中且可能以本調（如：[lauML laŋLM]，老人）或變調（如：[laŋMM kaŋHH]，人工）形式呈現。臺灣閩南語聽者偵測到目標詞（如：[laŋLM]或[laŋMM] ）時立即按按鍵反應，並記錄反應時間。以混合效應回歸模型分析反應時間之倒數後，顯示本調為陽平調之詞在其本調形式時被偵測的速度顯著高於其變調（即MM tone）形式。類似顯著效果未見於其他類型的詞對。此發現支持陽平調可以於臺灣閩南語斷詞時用作詞尾線索的觀點。
　　研究進一步利用人造語言學習實驗（artificial language learning experiment）探討臺灣閩南語聽者是否因陽平調發展出一套將任何上聲音高（pitch rise）當作詞尾線索的斷詞程序。於此實驗中，臺灣閩南語聽者首先聆聽反覆出現的數個人造語言的「詞彙」，以偽隨機方式串在一起，之間無任何停頓。於接下來的測驗中，其會在每題中聽見一個真的人造語言詞彙與一假字，並決定哪個較可能是構成該人造語言的詞彙之一。混合效應邏輯回歸模型用以分析受試者的回答，結果發現上升音高置於人造語言詞彙起首音節時有助於斷詞，置於結尾音節時反不利斷詞。此結果與先人研究（韓語：Kim, 2003；法語：Welby, 2007）發現的一跨語言現象不謀而合：上聲音高被用作詞首線索。本文佐證了陽平調可利於臺灣閩南語中的斷詞，然而也顯示該語言聽者並非對任何音訊皆採取母語一致的斷詞策略。如此發現指出了盼進一步研究之議題，如臺灣閩南語聽者何以於人造語言學習實驗用上聲音高作詞首線索，以及如此使用上聲音高是否為跨語言的共性。

　This thesis investigates how the yang ping tone (or the LM tone) of Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) is used by native TSM listeners in spoken word segmentation and explores the extent to which it shapes their segmentation strategies. The way by which speech is divided into its constituent words may be in part modulated by experience with language-specific lexical prosody. For example, the preponderance of word-initial stressed syllables inclines English listeners to assume that such syllables are word beginnings (Cutler & Norris, 1988; Tyler & Cutler, 2009). TSM, a lexical tone language with extensive tone sandhi, stands out as a special case for segmentation studies. Within the tone group (TG), or the tone sandhi domain, the final syllable takes the citation tone whereas the others bear their corresponding sandhi tones. Given that the LM tone emerges only TG-finally and this position is typically also the word-final position, it is first examined whether the LM tone is a salient cue to segmentation of TSM words.
The question was addressed with a word-spotting experiment where TSM monosyllabic nouns (e.g., [laŋLM≈laŋMM] ‘person’) realized with either their citation tones (e.g., [lauML laŋLM] ‘old people’) or sandhi tones (e.g., [laŋMM kaŋHH] ‘artificial’) were presented among nonsense syllables for spotting. TSM listeners reported detection of the target nouns (e.g., [laŋLM] or [laŋMM]) by button presses, with their response times (RTs) recorded. A mixed-effects linear regression model fitted to the reciprocals of their RTs revealed that target words of the citation tone LM were spotted significantly faster than the same words with their sandhi tone (i.e., MM). No similar facilitation was found for the other citation-sandhi tone pairs. The findings are consistent with the view that the LM tone can be exploited to locate the ends of TSM words.
An artificial language learning (ALL) experiment was conducted to further investigate whether the LM tone has led to a segmentation routine that identifies any pitch rise as a final position cue. TSM listeners were exposed to repetitions of the “words” of an artificial language, all strung together pseudo-randomly without adding any additional pauses. They then received a two-alternative forced-choice test where they heard a real artificial word and a nonword foil and decided which one was more likely to be a component word of the language. A mixed-effects logistic regression model fitted to their responses revealed that pitch rises superimposed on the initial syllables of the artificial words facilitated segmentation whereas those superimposed on the final syllables hindered it. These results are consistent with the cross-linguistic tendency of pitch rises to be cues to word-initial positions (e.g., Korean: Kim, 2003; French: Welby, 2007). Thus, while providing perhaps the first evidence for a role of the LM tone in TSM word segmentation, the current research demonstrates that TSM listeners do not segment whatever input in a way that respects the prosodic patterning of their language. The findings call for a concrete account of how they come to use pitch rises as word beginning cues in the ALL task and further analogous experiments examining whether such use is part of universal segmentation strategies.

論文審定書 i
Acknowledgement ii
摘要 v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents ix
List of Figures xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Research Questions 4
1.3 Organization of the Thesis 5
CHAPTER 2 Spoken Word Segmentation: The Role of Prosody 6
2.1 Lexical Prosody 6
2.2 Non-lexical Prosody 12
2.3 TSM Tone Sandhi and the Use of the LM tone 15
CHAPTER 3 Experiment I 20
3.1 Hypothesis 20
3.2 Method 21
3.2.1 Materials and Design 21
3.2.2 Procedure 24
3.2.3 Participants 25
3.3 Results 25
3.4 Summary and Interim Discussion 28
CHAPTER 4 Experiment II 32
4.1 Hypotheses 32
4.2 Method 33
4.2.1 Materials and Design 33
4.2.2 Procedure 37
4.2.3 Participants 38
4.3 Results 39
4.4 Summary 42
CHAPTER 5 General Discussion and Conclusion 44
5.1 Discussion and Concluding Summary 44
5.2 Residual Issues 54
References 56
Appendix 64

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