無線感測網路(wireless sensor networks, WSNs)包含數量龐大之感測節點(sensor nodes)，佈署於特定監控區域進行環境資料之蒐集。在無線感測網路中的每個感測節點均備有電池，由於無線感測網路環境之感測節點極易佈署險峻之地點，均有不易更換電池或對電池進行充電之特性。因此，如何減少感測節點之耗電量以延長整個無線感測網路之生命期(lifetime)是一項嚴峻之挑戰。顧及如何有效節省電能消耗在無線感測網路中為一項極為重要之課題，本論文首先對於一些相關於無線感測網路節省電能消耗之論文進行分類比較及介紹。
本論文提出兩個改善無線感測網路耗電，達到節省電能消耗之架構；以無線感測網路之環境區分，第一個方法適用規律性(regular)網格(grid)之無線感測網路之環境，另一個方法適用於較複雜不規則之無線感測網路環境。在傳統規律固定佈置之無線感測網路環境中，部分特定感測節點有”熱點 (hotspot)”問題。意即部分感測節點因為靠近於資料終端接收節點(sink node)，容易有較多的資料必須協助傳輸，而導致於比邊緣節點容易耗盡電能。由於熱點問題導致距離與終端節點較近的感測節點容易耗盡電能而無法傳送資料，造成整個無線感測網路生命期縮減。本論文提出以雙移動終端節點(dual mobile sink nodes protocol ,DMSP)架構來解決此問題，雙移動終端節點架構可有效平衡整個感測網路中，各個感測節點電能消耗之速率，進而延長整個無線感測網路之生命期。此外，對於較複雜之感測網路佈建環境，我們提出以環叢集(Ring Hierarchical Clustering, RHC)為基礎之架構來解決節能之問題。所提之環叢集無線感測網路架構主要有四項優點，分別為1.縮減節點運算時間、2容錯(fault tolerance)、3.負載平衡(load balancing)以及4.達到資料傳送之私密性(secure)。實驗的結果顯示本論文所提出之兩種架構DMSP及RHC，能提供優異之效能以達到延長無線感測網路之生命期。

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the network is equipped with a battery, but it is almost very difficult to change or recharge batteries; therefore, maximizing the lifetime of the network through minimizing the energy is an important challenge in WSN. Sensor nodes cannot be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. Considering that energy economizing acts as one of the hottest topics in wireless sensor networks, it is surveyed the main techniques used for energy economizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) topologies in the dissertation.
There are two schemes proposed for energy economizing in the WSNs, one is the scheme for the regular grid WSN environment, another is the scheme for the complex WSN surrounding. The traditional WSNs fixed the sink node in a certain place has a serious hotspot problem. The sensor nodes closer to the sink node usually required forwarding a large amount of traffic for sensors farther from the sink node. Hotspot problem causes the nodes near the hotspot sensor node consuming much more energy than the other nodes, which seriously shortens the lifetime of the sensor networks. In the dissertation, in order to resolve the hotspot problem in the WSNs, it is proposed a dual mobile sink nodes protocol (DMSP) which combines the balance traffic strategy in the WSNs to extend the lifetime of the sensor networks. Another, for the complex environment that the sensor nodes could not be deployment regularly, the Ring-based Hierarchical Clustering (RHC) WSNs architecture is proposed. There are four major advantages in the proposed RHC scheme, including reducing computation time, fault tolerance, load balancing, and secure data transmission. The simulation results show that both of the DMSP and RHC present the excellent performance to extend the lifetime of WSNs.

論文審定書 i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
摘要 iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLE xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 RELATED WORKS 9
2.1 BASIC TOPOLOGIES FOR THE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 9
2.1.1 Star topology 10
2.1.2 Multi hop mesh and grid topology 11
2.1.3 Ring topology 12
2.1.4 Cluster based topology 13
2.2 ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WSNS 14
2.2.1 Duty cycling 15
2.2.2 Data-driven approaches 18
2.2.3 Mobility-based Energy Economizing Schemes 20
2.2.4 Energy efficient MAC Protocols for WSNs 25
2.3 COMPARISON STATIC SINK WITH MOBILE SINK TOPOLOGIES IN THE WSNS 26
2.3.1 WSNs with the static sink 26
2.3.2 WSNs with the mobile sink 29
3 THE DUAL MOBILE SINK NODES GRID SENSOR NETWORKS MODEL 34
3.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE DMSP GRID SENSOR NETWORK 35
3.1.1 The Energy Model of the DMSP Sensor Node 36
3.1.2 Construction Backbone nodes and Non-Backbone relay nodes 37
3.1.3 Construction of the Leaf Nodes 41
3.1.4 Behavior of the Mobile Sink Nodes 41
3.1.5 TDMA Scheduling of a Sensor Node 42
3.2 DYNAMICALLY TRANSMIT SCHEDULING STRATEGIES ON NON-BACKBONE NODES 43
3.2.1 Dynamic Threshold Scheme (DTS) 44
3.2.2 Virtual IP Orientation Scheme (VIPOS) 47
3.2.3 Residue Energy and Residue Buffer Scheme (REARBS) 49
4 THE RING-BASED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SENSOR NETWORK MODEL 52
4.1 DEPLOYMENT PROCESS 54
4.2 PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP BUILDING AND MEMBER JOIN PROCESS 55
4.3 IP NAMING (ASSIGNMENT) RULE 56
4.3.1 Root node (sink) 56
4.3.2 Sub-root node (type 1 node) 57
4.3.3 Leaf node (type 2 node) 57
4.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AN L-LEVEL HIERARCHY 58
4.4.1 One-level hierarchy 58
4.4.2 Two-level hierarchy 60
4.4.3 L-level hierarchy 61
5 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 63
5.1 COMPARISON THE PERFORMANCE OF DTS, REARBS, AND VIPOS 63
5.1.1 Simulation 1. Comparison of the transmission rate and lifetime 63
5.1.2 Simulation 2. Comparison of the collection period and lifetime 64
5.1.3 Simulation 3. Comparison of the collection period and the amount of data at the BS 65
5.2 RHC SCHEME PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 65
5.3 ADVANTAGE OF THE DMSP AND RHC SCHEMES 70
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 73
REFERENCE 77

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