本論文提出一系列的薄形化內藏式天線設計，針對目前行動通訊裝置整體厚度一公分的需求提出良好之解決方案。本論文中所提出一系列的薄形化內藏式天線設計與傳統天線設計依天線本身結構的不同，有兩個最大的差異之處，一為結合傳統倒F形天線與單極天線的複合式設計概念，另一結構則是將高低頻路徑相結合在一起並利用其末端相對方向與斜角的控制，達成天線薄形化的設計目標，此兩種機制的目的均可降低天線本身的Q值，不僅可使得天線具有良好的阻抗匹配特性，且在各項輻射特性包含場型、增益與效率也與傳統倒F形天線具有相近的表現。另外，在縮小天線整體體積的構想上，我們將電磁相容天線的概念引入至薄形化天線設計中，提高電路板的容積率，以更符合行動通訊裝置輕薄化及多功能化的發展趨勢。在本論文中，我們也分析在實際使用狀態下，使用者手部及頭部對薄形化內藏式天線特性的影響﹔從研究結果發現，當使用者手部握住行動通訊裝置時，就會造成能量的吸收而使得輻射效率明顯的衰減，且隨著手握距離愈接近天線時，其輻射效率衰減的趨勢更為顯著，並且在GSM頻段會有比DCS頻段還大的衰減量﹔當使用者通話狀態為手部加上頭部時，則天線輻射效能會再度的衰減；另外在場型分佈上，也會因為人體對電磁能量的吸收效應而造成場型扭曲的現象。

In this dissertation, thin internal antennas for mobile communication devices with a total thickness of less than 10 mm are proposed. There are mainly two differences in the antenna’s construction between the proposed thin internal antennas and conventional planar inverted-F antenna. The first proposed antenna for thin internal antenna is a combo type formed by combining the conventional inverted-F antenna with the monopole antenna. The second proposed antenna is obtained by integrating two radiating arms into a radiating patch. By adjusting the tapering angle and the direction of the end portions, thin internal planar antenna with a thickness of less than 4 mm can be successfully achieved. In these two antennas, their Q-value can be lowered, and then the impedance bandwidth can be effectively improved. This kind of thin internal antennas not only has good impedance matching but also shows good radiation performance. Additionally, by adding a vertical metal wall acting as a RF shielding wall, EM fringing fields between the thin internal EMC antenna and nearby metal components can be effectively supressed. This kind of EMC antennas can effectively eliminate the isolation distance between the antenna and nearby conducting elements to increase the available space on the printed circuit board for additional functions. Besides, multi-band operation is another important function in current mobile devices. In this dissertation, we also studied the effects of the plastic casing and the user’s hand and head on the antenna charateristics. For studying the antenna with the presence of the user’s hand and head, the simulation model provided by SPEAG simulation software SEMCAD is used. From the results obtained, it is seen that the frequency detuning is greatly dependent on the presence of the user’s hand and head. Owing to the presence of the user’s hand and head, large decrease in the radiation efficiency is seen. It also indicates that the radiation efficiency decrease and radiation pattern distortion are mainly owing to the radiation power absorption by the user’s hand and head.

文字目錄 i
圖形目錄 iii
第 一 章 序 論 (Introduction) 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 論文提要 5
第 二 章 GSM/DCS雙頻操作之薄形內藏式平面天線設計 (I) (Thin Internal Planar GSM/DCS Antenna I) 7
2.1 天線設計原理 9
2.2 實驗結果與分析 13
2.3 心得與討論 24
第 三 章 GSM/DCS雙頻操作之薄形內藏式平面天線設計 (II) (Thin Internal Planar GSM/DCS Antenna II) 26
3.1 天線設計原理 27
3.2 實驗結果與分析 31
3.3 心得與討論 40
第 四 章 GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS四頻操作之薄形內藏式平面天線設計 (Thin Internal Planar Antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS Operation) 42
4.1 天線設計原理 44
4.2 實驗結果與分析 47
4.3 心得與討論 56
第 五 章 GSM/DCS/PCS三頻操作之電磁相容薄形內藏式平面天線設計 (EMC Thin Internal Patch Antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS Operation) 57
5.1 天線設計原理 59
5.2 實驗結果與分析 62
5.3 心得與討論 73
第 六 章 GSM/DCS雙頻操作之薄形內藏式平面天線設計 (Internal GSM/DCS Patch Antenna with a Thin Air-Layer Substrate) 74
6.1 天線設計原理 75
6.2 實驗結果與分析 78
6.3 心得與討論 90
第 七 章 薄形行動通訊裝置在實際使用狀態下的塑膠機殼與人體影響效應 (Effects of Plastic Casing and Human Body on the Thin Mobile Device ) 93
7.1 實驗設計 95
7.2 實驗結果與分析 99
7.3 心得與討論 117
第 八 章 結 論 (Conclusion) 119
參考文獻 (References) 122
個人著作表 (Publication List) 128

[1] K.L. Wong, Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003.
[2] F. R. Hsiao, H. T. Chen, G. Y. Lee, T. W. Chiou and K. L. Wong, “A dual-band planar inverted-F patch antenna with a branch-line slit,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 310-312, 2002.
[3] T. Y. Wu and K. L. Wong, “On the impedance bandwidth of a planar inverted-F antenna for mobile handsets,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 249-251, 2002.
[4] P. L. Teng, T. W. Chiou and K. L. Wong, “Planar inverted-F antenna with a bent meandered radiating arm for GSM/DCS operation,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 38, pp. 73-75, 2003.
[5] F. R. Hsiao, T. W. Chiou and K. L. Wong, “Dual-frequency planar inverted-F antenna with a rolled radiating arm for GSM/DCS operation,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 38, pp. 25-27, 2003.
[6] Y. X. Guo and H. S. Tan, “New compact six-band internal antenna,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol 3, pp. 295-297, 2004.
[7] C. Y. Chiu and K. L. Wong, “An internal metal-plate antenna for a folder-type mobile phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 42, pp. 294-296, 2004.
[8] C. C. Lin, H. C. Tung, H. T. Chen and K. L. Wong, “A folded metal-plate monopole antenna for multiband operation of a PDA phone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 39, pp. 135-138, 2003.
[9] P. L. Teng, C. Y. Chiu and K. L. Wong, “Internal planar monopole antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS folder-type mobile phones,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 39, pp. 106-108, 2003.
[10] T. Sugiyama, H. Horita, Y. Shirakawa, M. Ikegaya and H. Tate, “Triple-band Internal Antenna for Clamshell Type Mobilephone,” Hitachi Cable Review., No. 22, pp. 26-31, 2003.
[11] R. Hossa, A. Byndas and M. E. Bialkowski, “Improvement of compact terminal antenna performance by incorporating open-end slots in ground plane,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Lett., vol. 14, pp. 283-285, 2004.
[12] J. S. Kuo and K. L. Wong, “A compact microstrip antenna with meandering slots in the ground plane,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 95-97, Apr. 20, 2001.
[13] M. F. Abedin and M. Ali, “Modifying the ground plane and its effect on planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) for mobile phone handsets,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol. 2, pp. 226-229, 2003.
[14] J. S. Kuo and G. B. Hsieh, “Gain enhancement of a circularly polarized equilateral-triangular microstrip antenna with a slotted ground plane,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 51 , pp. 1652-1656, 2003.
[15] J. Villanen, J. Ollikainen, O. Kivekas and P. Vainikainen, “Compact antenna structures for mobile handsets,” 2003 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 1, pp. 40-44 , VTC-2003-Fall.
[16] O. Kiverkas and J. Ollikainen, “Bandwidth, SAR, and Efficiency of Internal Mobile Phone Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 46, pp. 71-86, 2004.
[17] P. Vainikainen, J. Ollikainen, O. Kivekäs, and I. Kelander, “Resonator-based analysis of the combination of mobile handsets antenna and chassis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 50, pp. 1433-1444, Oct. 2002.
[18] M. Martinez-Vazquez and O. Litschke, “Quadband antenna for handheld personal communications devices,” in 2003 IEEE Antennas Propagat Soc Int Symp Dig, vol. 1, pp. 455-458.
[19] Y. S. Shin, B. N. Kim, W. I. Kwak and S. O. Park, “GSM/DCS/IMT-2000 triple-band built-in antenna for wireless terminals,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol. 3, pp. 104-107, 2004.
[20] M. Martinez-Vazquez, O. Litschke, M. Geissler, D. Heberling, A. M. Martinez-Gonzalez and D. Sanchez-Hernandez, “Integrated Planer Multiband Antennas for Communication Handsets,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 54, pp. 384-391, 2006.
[21] T. H. Kim and D. C. Park, “Compact Dual-Band Antenna with Double L-Slits for WLAN Operation,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol. 4, pp. 249-252, 2005.
[22] P. Le Thuc, R. Staraj and G. Kossiavas, “Dual wideband radiating element for mobile handsets,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 39,pp. 288-290, 2003
[23] Y. X. Guo, M. Y. W. Chia and Z. N. Chen, “Miniature built-in quad-band antennas for mobile handsets,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol. 2, pp. 30-32, 2003.
[24] S. H. Hwang, W. I. Kwak, J. I. Moon and S. O. Park, “An internal dual-band printed antenna for CDMA/PCS handsets,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 45, pp. 537-540, 2005.
[25] Y. X. Guo, I. Ang, and M. Y. W. Chia, “Compact internal multiband antennas for mobile handsets,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett., vol 2, pp. 143-146, 2003.
[26] C. M. Su, K. L. Wong, C. L. Tang, and S. H. Yeh, “EMC internal patch antenna for UMTS operation in a mobile device,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 53, pp. 3836-3839, 2005.
[27] 蘇志銘, “應用於行動通訊裝置之內藏式電磁相容天線,” 中山大學電機工程研究所2006年博士論文.
[28] K. L. Wong, and C. H. Chang, “WLAN chip antenna mountable above the system ground plane of a mobile device,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 53, pp. 3496-3499, 2005.
[29] T. Wu, G. Y. Lee,W. S. Chen, Y. W. Tseng, T. W. Chiu and F. R. Hsiao, “Embedded Antennas for Wi-Fi Phone Application,” in 2005 Proc. International Symposium on Communication, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
[30] A. C. Silk, “Mobile Phones and Human Exposure,” Optometry Today., pp. 24-31, April 1999.
[31] K. M. Z. Shams and M. Ali, “Study and design of a capacitively coupled polymeric internal antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 53, pp. 985-993, 2005.
[32] N. Chavannes, R. Tay, N. Nikoloski and N. Kuster, “Suitability of FDTD-Based TCAD Tools for FR Design of Mobile Phones,” IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 46, pp. 52-65, 2003.
[33] D. U. Sim and S. O. Park, “A Triple-Band Antenna: Design and Performance in Presence of the Handset Case, Battery, and Human Head,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 47, pp. 658-665, 2005.
[34] M. C. Huynh and W. L. Stutzman,“A Review of Radiation Effects on Human Operators of Hand-Held Radios,” Microwave Journal, vol. 47, pp. 22-42, 2005.
[35] K. Ogawa, T. Matsuyoshi and K. Monma,“An Analysis of the Performance of a Handset Diversity Antenna Influenced by Head, Hand, and Shoulder Effects at 900 MHz: Part II- Correlation Characteristics,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tech., vol. 50, pp. 845-953, 2001.
[36] A. Bahr, H.Dorn and T. Bolz,“Dosimetric Assessment of an Exposure System for Simulating GSM and WCDMA Mobile Phone Usage,” Bioelectromagnetic., vol. 27, pp. 320-327, 2006.
[37] S. Gabriel, R. W. Lau and C. Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues,” Physics Medicine Biology, vol. 41, pp. 2271-2293, 1996.
[38] http://www.ansoft.com/products/hf/hfss/, Ansoft Corporation HFSS.
[39] http://www.semcad.com, SEMCAD, Schmid & Partner Engineering AG (SPEAG).