本論文係單壁奈米碳管飽和吸收體之厚濃度乘積對於穩定及縮短被動鎖模摻鉺光纖環型雷射光脈衝之研究，將飽和吸收體之厚濃度乘積表示其入射光束所遭遇單壁奈米碳管總量，當厚濃度乘積小於8.25 (μm x wt%)時，量測到之光譜頻寬小於2 nm。進一步增加厚濃度乘積，可觀察到光孤子鎖模操作行為且光譜頻寬可拓展至6 nm，此時碳管面積定理決定了光脈衝塑型的能力。
透過碳管面積定理分析得到非線性自相位調變會隨著厚濃度乘積的增加而增加，所增加的非線性自相位調變會形成光孤子鎖模操作且縮短光脈衝。但是隨著厚濃度乘積的增加，光脈衝能量會降低，光脈衝能量的降低則是會限制縮短脈衝的行為。量測結果顯示光脈衝能量與非線性自相位調變跟飽和吸收體之厚濃度乘積相關，基於面積定理，光脈衝能量與非線性自相位調變隨著厚濃度乘積的變化，就可以得到最短光脈衝所需之最佳飽和吸收體厚濃度乘積。本研究最佳的厚濃度乘積為70.93 (μm x wt%)，所得到之最短脈衝為418 fs。
根據面積定理所得到之非線性自相位調變，可計算非線性折射係數為0.4 - 1 x 10^-15 m^2/W，結果相當近似發表期刊論文，其非線性折射係數為10^-15 - 10^-16 m^2/W。假使透過主動式Z-scan之量測得到之非線性折射係數估算非線性自相位調變，再透過光脈衝能量對於厚濃度乘積的變化，就可以根據面積定理之理論模擬光脈衝寬度對於厚濃度乘積的變化，並得到最佳之厚濃度乘積以產生最短光脈衝。對於單壁奈米碳管飽和吸收體厚濃度乘積對被動鎖模光纖環型雷射之光脈衝能量、光脈衝寬度和光譜頻寬的量測結果，可以顯示出單壁奈米碳管飽和吸收體之厚濃度乘積對於被動鎖模光纖環型雷射之光脈衝塑型是一個重要的影響參數，透過本研究最佳化奈米碳管飽和吸收體厚濃度乘積之探討可提供一個方式有效技術地製做單壁奈米碳管飽和吸收體。

The dependence of thickness and concentration product (TCP) of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber (SWCNTs SA) on stabilizing and shortening pulse width in passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber ring laser (MLEDFL) was investigated and measured. The TCP represented the amounts of SWCNTs, which the optical beam encountered when passing through the SWCNTs SA. If the TCP was smaller than 8.25 (μm x wt%), the spectral bandwidth was below 2 nm. The pulse shaping was dominated by its own self amplitude modulation (SAM) of SWCNTs SA. With further increasing TCP, the soliton-like ML operation was achieved and the spectral bandwidth was expanded to 6 nm. For soliton-like mode locking (ML) operation, the area theorem dominated the pulse shaping.
Through area theorem analysis, the estimation of SPM increased as the TCP increased. The adequate enhanced SPM for balancing the slight negative GVD was provided to generate soliton-like ML pulses shorten the pulse width. However, as the TCP increased, the soliton pulse energy decreased. The decreasing soliton pulse energy restricted the further pulse shortening. The results showed that the dependence of the pulse energy and nonlinear self phase modulation (SPM) on TCP enabled to determine the shortest pulse width in MLEDFL based on the area theorem. At optimized TCP of 70.93 (μm x wt%), it was found that the shortest pulse width of 418 fs.
In addition, based on the estimated SPM from area theorem, the nonlinear refractive index n2 was calculated at the level of 0.4 - 1 x 10^-15 m^2/W that was close to the literature values of 10^-15 - 10^-16 m2/W. It provides another way to estimate the nonlinear refractive index except for the Z-scan measurement. We could also estimate the SPM if an active Z-scan measurement was taken to obtain the nonlinear refractive index of the sample. We realized the trend of pulse energy through few samples in MLEDFL, the behavior of pulse width could be theoretically simulated based on area theorem. Hence, with the area theorem analysis, the optimized TCP of SWCNTs SA could be simulated and estimated to generate the shortest pulse width from the trends of pulse energy and estimated SPM. The significant effect of TCP on pulse energy, SPM, pulse width, and spectral bandwidth of MLFLs suggests that the TCP represents the total amount of SWCNTs in SA, which can be used as one of key parameters for characterizing the passive MLFL pulse width. Through the study of the dependence of TCP on ML pulses in MLEDFL, it may provide a guideline to fabricate an effective SWCNTs SA to generate the shortest pulse width of the MLEDFL.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………i
LIST OF FIGURES……………………..............iii
LIST OF TABLES………....................................vii


CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………1
1.1 Background……………………......1
1.2 Motivation…………………..............3
1.3 Objective………………...................4
1.4 Organization…………………........5
References…………………...............................6


CHAPTER 2 MODE LOCKING THEORY…………10
2.1 Mode-locking mechanism in ring fiber laser with single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber………………………………......................15
2.2 Linear GVD effect…………………………………….....................21
2.3 Nonlinear SPM effect…………...........23
2.4 Mode-locking pulse compression with the combination of linear GVD and nonlinear SPM...25
2.5 Soliton-like mode-locking pulses.…31
References……………………….............................33

CHAPTER 3 PREPARATION OF SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES SATURABLE ABSORBER…34
3.1 Material preparation………………………35
3.1.1 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ...............................35
3.1.2 Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) .35
3.1.3 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)................................................................................43
3.2 Dispersion mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes……………….....................................44
3.3 Fabrication of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber………..........................47
3.3.1 Concentration of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber......................................48
3.3.2 Thickness of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber…..................................49
3.3.3 Examination of the thickness of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber………....49
3.4 Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber......................................52
References………………................................................56


CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS………………...................................................59
4.1 Measurement of linear and nonlinear optical absorption……....................................................60
4.1.1 Linear optical absorption of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber…...................60
4.1.2 Nonlinear optical absorption of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber……...............62
4.2 Setup of mode-locking ring fiber laser...65
4.2.1 Length of Erbium doped fiber………......67
4.2.2 Pumping level versus operation regimes….........................................................................71
4.3 Concentration effect of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber....................................74
4.4 Thickness effect of single-wall carbon nanotubes saturable absorber…................................76
4.5 GVD effect on mode-locking ring fiber laser pulses………........................................................79
References………………..............................................82


CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND RESULTS.…........83
5.1 Soliton-like mode-locking pulses...........................................................................84
5.1.1 Stable regimes of laser operation…..84
5.1.2 Measurement of mode-locking pulse..85
5.2 Enhancement of nonlinear SPM……....89
5.3 Calculation of nonlinear refractive index..91
5.4 Theoretical description of area theorem..............................93
References.......................96

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION..................................97
6.1 Conclusion..................................97
6.2 Future works..................................100
References..................................102

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS...................................103
BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR..................................106

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