本文主要探討大型鋼鐵廠產生電壓閃爍的電力品質問題，並且利用靜態虛功補償器和自備發電機系統來改善電壓閃爍。根據電弧爐負載實際運轉時所量測和紀錄電弧爐的實功和虛功負載量變化，建立電弧爐動態負載模型，並使用CYME套裝軟體求解此工業配電系統之電力潮流分析，利用SVC控制系統和自備發電機的激磁系統，依據受控匯流排的端電壓變化來對電弧爐負載作虛功率的補償，而達到改善一般鋼鐵廠電壓閃爍所衍生的電力品質問題。

另外當外部台電系統發生故障時，本鋼鐵廠之電力系統能夠及時和責任分界點之連結線解聯並且執行卸載，以防止汽電共生機組於暫態擾動後發生跳脫，而維持供電系統的可靠度。結果發現此獨立工業用戶之電弧爐的動態負載行為，能夠藉由汽電共生機組激磁系統的適應控制，達到虛功補償以減少其電壓變動。同時藉由渦輪機調速系統的控制，可有效提供適當之實功量，改善系統頻率的變化量。因此汽電共生系統可於台電系統故障時，維持本工業用戶電弧爐負載供電之可靠度及提高電力品質。

This investigates the voltage flicker problem of a large steel plant and presents the mitigation strategy by applying the static var compensator (SVC) and cogenerator. The fluctuation of real power and reactive power consumption by an arc furnace has been measured and recorded during the steel production process. The dynamic load model of the A/C arc furnace is derived based on the actual field data and has been included in the computer simulation by the CYME software package for load flow analysis. The block diagrams of SVC controller and the excitation system of cogenerators are considered to solve the response of reactive power compensation according to the voltage fluctuation of the control bus. To maintain the electric service reliability of arc furnace when an external utility fault occurs, the tie line tripping and load shedding is implemented to prevent the tripping of cogenerator after system disturbance. It is found that the dynamic load behavior of arc furnace in the isolated industrial power system can be well compensated by the cogenerator with adaptive control of exciter and governor to generate proper reactive power and real power according to the fluctuation of bus voltage and system frequency respectively.

目錄
中文摘要..…………………………………………………………….……i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….….iii
目錄……………………………………………………………………. …. v
圖目錄………………………………………………………………...vii
表目錄………………………………………………………………...x
第一章緒論………………………………………………………………1
1.1研究背景及動機……………………………………………1
1.2 研究方法及步驟……………………………………………2
1.3論文內容概述………………………………………………3
第二章電力品質問題及改善方式…………………………………………5
2.1諧波問題及改善..……………………………………………..6
2.2電壓閃爍問題及改善….………………………………………..7
2.3穩定度問題及改善……………………………………………..9
2.4三相不平衡問題及改善…………………..………………….12
第三章電壓閃爍的成因與計算方法……………………………………14
3.1電壓閃爍現象之起因與評估尺度……………………………14
3.2電弧爐煉鋼方式與產生電壓閃爍的特性…………………16
3.3電弧爐的動態負載模型……………………………………21
3.4 電壓閃爍分析與計算……………………………………….24
3.4.1最大無效功率變動法……………………………………26
3.4.2以機率負載潮流法推估電壓閃爍…………………….29
第四章鋼鐵廠電壓閃爍的靈敏度分析與改善實例探討………………30
4.1工業配電系統介紹……………………………………………30
4.2電弧爐負載模型與電壓擾動分析………………………32
4.3電弧爐負載變化對電壓閃爍的靈敏度分析…………………35
4.3.1模擬電弧爐負載實功率變化對電壓閃爍的響應……35
4.3.2模擬電弧爐負載虛功率變化對電壓閃爍的響應……35
4.3.3 本節模擬結論…………………………………………36
4.4電壓閃爍的改善………………………………………………37
4.4.1靜態虛功補償器…………………………………………37
4.4.1.1 TCR-FC式SVC工作特性…………………………38
4.4.1.2 SVC虛功補償動作原理……………………………39
4.4.1.3靜態虛功補償器系統模型介紹……………………41
4.4.2 以SVC改善電壓閃爍…………………………………42
4.4.2.1 SVC系統對單一電弧爐負載的響應………………42
4.4.2.2 SVC系統對A、B雙電弧爐負載的響應……………44
4.4.3自備發電機系統…………………………………47
4.4.3.1發電機系統模型和參數……………………47
4.4.3.2調速系統模型和參數………………………48
4.4.3.3激磁系統模型和參數………………………50
4.4.4以自備發電機改善電壓閃爍……………………………51
4.4.4.1 以自備發電機對單一電弧爐負載的響應…………52
4.4.4.2 以自備發電機對A、B電弧爐負載的響應………..53
4.4.5 SVC及自備發電機對電壓閃爍改善之結論……………55
4.4.5.1最大無效功率變動法分析…………………………55
4.4.5.2機率推估電壓閃爍分析………….………………….57
第五章含電弧爐負載之暫態穩定度分析………………………61
5.1暫態穩定度分析流程………………………………...61
5.2 卸載策略的制定……………………………………………64
5.3 暫態穩定度模擬分析………………………………………66
5.3.1不考慮電弧爐動態負載……………………………….67
5.3.2考慮電弧爐動態負載………………………………….72
第六章結論……………………………………………………………..79
參考文獻……………………………………………….……………….81

參考文獻

[1] 楊維楨，「配電系統電壓閃爍現象之研究」，國立台灣大學工業研究中心，第1∼6頁，民國七十八年。
[2] K. W. Michael, “Electrical Utility Flicker Limitations”, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.IA-15, No.6, pp.644-655,1979.
[3] C. T. Hsu, C. S. Chen, and J. K. Chen, “The Load-Shedding Scheme Design for an Integrated Steelmaking Cogeneration Facility,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-33, pp. 586-592,May/June,1997.
[4] W. J. Lee, M. S. Chen and L. B. Williams, “Load Model for Stability Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 159-165, Jan./Feb., 1987.
[5] 李廷祥，「目前的電力問題：電力品質」，第十四屆電力工程研討會，中壢，中原大學，民國八十二年。
[6] F. D. Martzloff and T. M. Gruzs, “Power Quality Site Surveys : Facts, Fiction, and Fallacies”, IEEE Trans, on Industry Applications, Vol. 24, No. 6,pp. 1005-1018（1988）。
[7] 台灣電力公司，「中華民國八十三年電力報告書-電力事業經營現況及展望」（1993）。
[8] 楊維楨，「配電系統電壓閃爍之研究」，pp.7-28，台灣電力公司業務處（1989）。
[9] 日本電氣學會技術報告（II）部第72號，「製鋼用電弧爐電力供給問題最新動向」，電氣加熱技術學會，第3∼19頁，昭和53年。
[10] B. R. Pelly, Thyristor Phase-Controlled Converters and Cycloconverters, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York（1971）。
[11] M. F. McGranaghan, “Distribution Feeder Harmonic Study Methodolo-gy”, IEEE Trans. on power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.103, No.12, pp.3663-3617（1984）。
[12] IEEE Working Group on Power System Harmonics, ”Power system Harmonics : An Overview”, IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 102,No8,pp.2455-2460（1983）。
[13] 台電公司，台電諧波管制暫行標準，八十二年六月，電業學第8206- 0346號。
[14] 陳朝順、顏義和、陳思欽，「電力系統中之濾波器設計」，中華民國第十二屆電力工程研討會論文集，pp.155-160，民國八十年。
[15] IEEE Std.519-1992”IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power System”.
[16] H. Akagi and A. Nabae, “Control Strategy of Active Power Filters Using Multiple Voltage-Source PWM Converters”, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 460-465(1986).
[17] H. Akagi and H. Fujita, “A New Power Line Conditioner for Harmonic Compensation in Power System”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 1570-1575（1995）.
[18] 陳在相、杜偉民、楊文治、王錫文、張建忠，「台電輸電系統不平衡之量測與分析」，台灣電力公司電力綜合研究所專題研究計劃，期末報告，民國八十一年十二月。
[19] 李尚懿，「三相不平衡配電饋線無效功率補償方法之研究」博士學位論文，國立台灣工業技術學院電機工程技術研究所，民國八十四年。
[20] 郭麟英，「電壓閃爍及電壓變動率計算書作業程式之研發」，電機技師期刊，第43期，第39∼49頁，民國八十二年。
[21] 李森源編著，電弧爐煉鋼及電壓閃爍之改善，台北，中國電機出版社，民國六十六年。
[22] T. J. E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Electric System, John Wily & Sons Inc, New York (1982).
[23] D. R. Torgerson, “Static VAR Compensators Planning , Operating, and Maintenance Experiences”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, Winter Meeting, Atlanta, Feb., 1990.
[24] D. C. Arc Furnace Technical Data-NKK-UNARC,NKK Co.
[25] 何信龍，「電壓閃爍探討與改善」，電機月刊，第六捲第五期，第221-230頁，民國八十五年五月。
[26] 楊正光、許永明，「鋼鐵業用電特性對負載管理策略影響之調查研究」，台電工程月刊，第543期，第29-36頁，民國八十二年十一月。
[27] S. R. Mendis, M. T. Bishop, A. V. Do and D. M. Boyd, “Investigation of Transmission System Voltage Flicker due to Multiple AC and DC Furnace Operations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10,No. 1,January 1995.
[28] G. Manchur and C. C. Erven, “Development of A Mode for Prediction Flicker from Electric Arc Furnaces”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 1,pp. 416-426 (1992).
[29] S. Varadan, E. B. Makram and A. A. Girgis, “A New Time Domain Voltage Source Model for an Arc Furnace Using EMTP,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 1685-1691.
[30] 「唐榮不?袗?廠電壓閃爍量測報告」，台灣電力公司電力綜合研究 所，中華民國八十五年四月。
[31] CYMSTAB User Guide, CYME International Inc., Canada, 1999.
[32] A. Moshref, A. J. Rodolakis, R. Barnes, Z. Baba and S. Shah, “Flexible Transient Stability Software Features User-Defined Models”, IEEE Computer Applications in power, Vol. 6, No. 4,pp. 46-51,Oct., 1993.
[33] J. J. Trageser, “Power Usage and Electrical Circuit Analysis for Electric Arc Furnaces”, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 16,No. 2, pp. 277-284(1980).
[34] I. Hosono, M. Yano, M. Takeda, S. Yuya, and S. Sueda, “Suppression and Measurement of ARC Furnace Flicker with a Large Static VAR Compensator”, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 98,No. 6,pp. 2276-2284 (1979).
[35] P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control,” EPRI, Mcgraw-Hill, Inc, 1994.
[36] IEEE Special Stability Controls Working Group, “Static Var Compensator Models for Power Flow and Dynamic Performance Simulation”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 9,No. 1,pp. 229-240, Feb. 1994.
[37] P. M. Anderson and A. A. Found, “Power System Control and Stability”, IEEE Press, New York, 1993.
[38] IEEE Committee Report, “Computer Representation of Excitation Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 87, No. 6,pp. 1460-1464, June,1968.
[39] IEEE Committee Report, “Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,Vol.92, No. 6,pp. 1904-1915,Nov./Dec.,1973.
[40] IEEE Press, “Stability of Large Electric Power Systems”,信華出版社，中華民國75年。
[41] M. Jan, W. B. Janusz and R. B. James, Power System Dynamics and Stability, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
[42] E. A. Urden, “Load Shedding and Frequency Relaying”, Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, pp. 21.1-21.16 ,1976.
[43] B. K. Chen, W. C. Chu, D. N. Chen and J. K. Chen, “Underfrequency Load-Shedding Scheme for C0-generators Connected to An Unreliable Utility System”, IEEE Proceedings of the 1992 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Vol. II,PP. 1261-1267.
[44] C. S. Pierre, “Microprocessor-Based Load Shedding Keeps Industrial Systems in Balance”, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, pp. 21-24, Jan.,1992.